Turkic sound changes

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
p > ɸ > h / #_
lenis/fortis merger
- g > k
- d > t
sʲ → š / #_
rʲ → z
nʲ → nʲ
j, dʲ, nʲ → j / #_

proto-Turkic to Sakha

aa > aa (qaan > xaan "khan", aaç > aas "open", taaş > taas "stone")
ėė / ee > ie (kėėçe > kiehe "night", keep > kiep "kip, şekil", bėėr- > bier- "give", yėė- > sie- "eat", yėėl > siel "rüzgâr")
ıı > ıı (ııð > ııt, tııð > tııt- kıız > qııs, qıın > kıın)
ii > ii (biir > biir, tiiş > tiis, kiir- > kiir- "enter", iil > iil)
oo > uo (bool- > buol- "be", yool > suol "road", yook > suox "not", oon > uon "ten")
öö > üö (söök- > üöx- "swear", öögren- > üören- "learn", köök > küök "sky", töört > tüört "four")
uu > uu (suun- > uun- "sunmak", uur- > uur- "vurmak", buuz > buus (muus) "ice", suub > uu "water")
üü > üü (küüð- > küüt- "wait", süüt > üüt "milk", küüç > küüs "strength", yüüz > süüs "100")
ağ / ab > ıa (tağ > tıa "forest", yağ > sıa, ağrığ > ıarıı "ağrı", yaðağ > satı "yayan")
ağı > ıa (bağır > bıar, sağız > ıas)
ağu > uo (ağuz > uosax "fresh milk", ağız > uos "lip")
oğ / ob > uo (toburğaq > tuorax "toprak", oğul > uol "son", boğuz > buos "boğaz")
uğ / ub > uu (uruğ > uruu "nesil, soy", sub > uu "water")
iğ > ıı [> ii] (sarığ > arıı "fat", ağrığ > ıarıı, qıðığ > kıtıı "kıyı", kığ > kıı > kii "pislik, gübre")
eg > ie (tegir- > tier "çevirmek, döndürmek", yegen > sien "yeğen")
eg > ii / iy (beg > bii, teg- > tiy- "touch")
ög > öö (tögen > tüön "döven")
üg > üü (yügen > ügün > üün "dizgin", tüg > tüü (tüy), külüg > külüü "famous")
ig > ii (elig > ilii "hand", tirilig > tirlig > tillii "living", sigik (<sigdik)> iik "sidik")

Old Turkic phonology

Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.

The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:

labial: p, v (β), m;

dental: t, d (δ), n;

palatal: č, y, ń;

velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;

sibilant: s, š, z;

liquid: r, l.

General Persian Phonology

This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

Shared with Old Turkic

V̆ > ∅
h > ∅ / #_

Not shared with Old Turkic

nʲ > j
b > m / #_…n
G > K / _#
d > t / _#
d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
V > [-rd] / []σ_
b > v / V _
v > w
gm > mg
rg > rg
rd > dr (sometimes? just Kazakh?)
Vg/b/d changes:
- aG > aw
- ɯG > ɯw
- iG > iw
- oG > uw
- eb/æb > ew
- ub > uw
- øg > øj
- ød > øj
- (d > ð > j / V_)
- (g > w / V _)
ew > (øj >) yj
æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
a > æ / _ X V[-back]
f > w / V _
f > p
ŋ > g / σ[_

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

Shared with Nogay and Karakalpak, known, inclusive

ʃ > s
tʃ > ʃ
j > dʒ / #_ (not Qara Nogay)
dʒ > ʒ (not Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
ɯw > ɯ / _# (not when morpheme boundary between; i.e., never with -(u)w)

Remainder

æ > e / #[]σ_
æ > a / _{x,q}
æw > ew (?)
mg > ŋb
rd > jr
ʕ > G
f > w / _]σ
CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
h,x > q / σ[_
(q > x / _]σ)
h > ∅ / _]σ
K > G / l_
∅ > O / #_{r}
i → ij / #_]σ (insan → ijnsan, it → ijt)

Kazakh phonology

Kazakh consonant phonemes
	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal	Velar/ Uvular		Glottal
Plosives	p	b			t	d				k	ɡ
Nasals	m				n					ŋ
Fricatives			(f)	(v)	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	(ɕ)	(x)		h
Affricates									(ʨ)
Tap					ɾ
Approximant	w								j
Lateral approximants					l

Kazakh vowel phonemes
	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
High	ɪ	ʉ	ə	ʊ
Diphthongal	i̯ɪ	u̯ʉ		u̯ʊ
Low	æ		ɑ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

jI > I (sometimes?)
b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
resulting in long vowels
- ɯw/uw > uː
- iw/yw > yː
- aw > oː
- ew, æw > øː
- G > ∅ / V_V
affecting mostly persian borrowings
- æ > Aː
- Vh > Vː
- h > ∅
- ʕ > ∅
j > dʒ / #_
x > q
nj > jn
∅ > U / #_{l,r}
eg > ig
key > kiy

Kyrgyz phonology

Vowels

	front		central¹	back
	unrounded	rounded	central¹	unrounded	rounded
Close	и [i]	ү [y]		ы [ɯ]	у [u] ю [ju]
mid	э [e] е [je]	ө [ø]			о [o] ё [jo]
open				а [ɑ] я [jɑ]

Consonants

Kirghiz consonant phonemes:

	Bilabial	Dental/ alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar/ uvular
plosive	п б [p] [b]	т д [t] [d]			к г [k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ]
nasal	м [m]	н [n]			ң [ŋ]
trill		р [r]
fricative	(ф) (в) ([f]) ([v])	с з [s] [z]	ш [ʃ]		х [χ]
affricate			ч ж [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ]
approximant		л [l]		й [j]

Scratch

/m/ vs. /b/


gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish
ago	murun	burın	burun		—
nose	murun	murın	burun		burun
pistachio	miste	piste	pista		fıstık
ice	muz	muz	muz	boz	buz
grey	boz	boz			boz
pepper	murç	burış	murch		—
mustache	murut	murt	murt		—
1000	miŋ	mıŋ	ming		bin
neck	moyun	moyın	bo'yin		boyun
height, shore	boy	boy	bo'y		boy
syllable, joint	muun	buwın	bo'g'in		boğum (node)
tower	munara/burana	munara	minora		minare
screw	bura	bura	bura		bur-
brave		märt	mard		mert
a musical instrument	qomuz	qobız
holiday	mayram	mayram
tabacco/cigarette	tameke(?)	temeke
grammatical stuff
I	men	men	men	män	ben
this	bu(l)	bul	bu		bu
at this, here	mında				—
Q	-BI	MA	mi	-mI	mI
NEG	-BA	-MA	-ma	-mA	-mA

/l/ vs /n/


gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish
duty	mildet	mindet
shirt	köynök	köylek	ko'ylak		gömlek

Syllable codas


gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish
drunk (P)	mas	mas	mast
friend (P)	dos	dos	do'st	dus/dust-
pepper	murç	burış	murch		—
forty	qırq	qırıq	qirq
square	ayant
back	art	art
backwards	ters	teris	ters
four	tört	tört	to'rt	dürt
younger sister	siŋdi	siŋli	singil	siŋil/siŋli-