Turkic sound changes
From FireSpeakerWiki
Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority
Contents
proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:
- ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)
pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:
- no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
- p > ɸ > h / #_
- lenis/fortis merger
- g > k
- d > t
- sʲ → š / #_
- rʲ → z
- nʲ → nʲ
- j, dʲ, nʲ → j / #_
proto-Turkic to Sakha
- aa > aa (qaan > xaan "khan", aaç > aas "open", taaş > taas "stone")
- ėė / ee > ie (kėėçe > kiehe "night", keep > kiep "kip, şekil", bėėr- > bier- "give", yėė- > sie- "eat", yėėl > siel "rüzgâr")
- ıı > ıı (ııð > ııt, tııð > tııt- kıız > qııs, qıın > kıın)
- ii > ii (biir > biir, tiiş > tiis, kiir- > kiir- "enter", iil > iil)
- oo > uo (bool- > buol- "be", yool > suol "road", yook > suox "not", oon > uon "ten")
- öö > üö (söök- > üöx- "swear", öögren- > üören- "learn", köök > küök "sky", töört > tüört "four")
- uu > uu (suun- > uun- "sunmak", uur- > uur- "vurmak", buuz > buus (muus) "ice", suub > uu "water")
- üü > üü (küüð- > küüt- "wait", süüt > üüt "milk", küüç > küüs "strength", yüüz > süüs "100")
- ağ / ab > ıa (tağ > tıa "forest", yağ > sıa, ağrığ > ıarıı "ağrı", yaðağ > satı "yayan")
- ağı > ıa (bağır > bıar, sağız > ıas)
- ağu > uo (ağuz > uosax "fresh milk", ağız > uos "lip")
- oğ / ob > uo (toburğaq > tuorax "toprak", oğul > uol "son", boğuz > buos "boğaz")
- uğ / ub > uu (uruğ > uruu "nesil, soy", sub > uu "water")
- iğ > ıı [> ii] (sarığ > arıı "fat", ağrığ > ıarıı, qıðığ > kıtıı "kıyı", kığ > kıı > kii "pislik, gübre")
- eg > ie (tegir- > tier "çevirmek, döndürmek", yegen > sien "yeğen")
- eg > ii / iy (beg > bii, teg- > tiy- "touch")
- ög > öö (tögen > tüön "döven")
- üg > üü (yügen > ügün > üün "dizgin", tüg > tüü (tüy), külüg > külüü "famous")
- ig > ii (elig > ilii "hand", tirilig > tirlig > tillii "living", sigik (<sigdik)> iik "sidik")
Old Turkic phonology
Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.
The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:
- labial: p, v (β), m;
- dental: t, d (δ), n;
- palatal: č, y, ń;
- velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
- sibilant: s, š, z;
- liquid: r, l.
General Persian Phonology
This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings
proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:
- V̆ > ∅
- h > ∅ / #_
- nʲ > j
- b > m / #_…n
- G > K / _#
- d > t / _#
- d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
- V > [-rd] / []σ_
- b > v / V _
- v > w
- gm > mg
- rg > rg
- rd > dr (sometimes? just Kazakh?)
- Vg/b/d changes:
- aG > aw
- ɯG > ɯw
- iG > iw
- oG > uw
- eb/æb > ew
- ub > uw
- øg > øj
- ød > øj
- (d > ð > j / V_)
- (g > w / V _)
- ew > (øj >) yj
- æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
- s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
- a > æ / _ X V[-back]
- f > w / V _
- f > p
- ŋ > g / σ[_
proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:
- ʃ > s
- tʃ > ʃ
- j > dʒ / #_ (not Qara Nogay)
- dʒ > ʒ (not Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
- ɯw > ɯ / _# (not when morpheme boundary between; i.e., never with -(u)w)
Remainder
- æ > e / #[]σ_
- æ > a / _{x,q}
- æw > ew (?)
- mg > ŋb
- rd > jr
- ʕ > G
- f > w / _]σ
- CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
- h,x > q / σ[_
- (q > x / _]σ)
- h > ∅ / _]σ
- K > G / l_
- ∅ > O / #_{r}
- i → ij / #_]σ (insan → ijnsan, it → ijt)
Kazakh phonology
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ Uvular |
Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Fricatives | (f) | (v) | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | (ɕ) | (x) | h | |||||
| Affricates | (ʨ) | |||||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants |
l | |||||||||||||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| High | ɪ | ʉ | ə | ʊ |
| Diphthongal | i̯ɪ | u̯ʉ | u̯ʊ | |
| Low | æ | ɑ | ||
proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:
- jI > I (sometimes?)
- b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
- resulting in long vowels
- ɯw/uw > uː
- iw/yw > yː
- aw > oː
- ew, æw > øː
- G > ∅ / V_V
- affecting mostly persian borrowings
- æ > Aː
- Vh > Vː
- h > ∅
- ʕ > ∅
- j > dʒ / #_
- x > q
- nj > jn
- ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
- eg > ig
- key > kiy
Kyrgyz phonology
Vowels
| front | central1 | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | и [i] | ү [y] | ы [ɯ] | у [u] ю [ju] | |
| mid | э [e] е [je] | ө [ø] | о [o] ё [jo] | ||
| open | а [ɑ] я [jɑ] | ||||
Consonants
Kirghiz consonant phonemes:
| Bilabial | Dental/ alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | п б [p] [b] |
т д [t] [d] |
к г [k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ] | ||
| nasal | м [m] |
н [n] |
ң [ŋ] | ||
| trill | р [r] |
||||
| fricative | (ф) (в) ([f]) ([v]) |
с з [s] [z] |
ш [ʃ] |
х [χ] | |
| affricate | ч ж [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] |
||||
| approximant | л [l] |
й [j] |
Scratch
/m/ vs. /b/ vs. /p/
| gloss | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | Uzbek | Tatar | Turkish | Uyghur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ago | murun | burın | burun | — | ||
| nose | murun | murın | burun | burun | ||
| pistachio | miste | piste | pista | fıstık | ||
| knife | bıçaq | pışaq | pichoq | |||
| cook/boil/ripen | bış(ır)- | pis(ir)- | pish- | |||
| ice | muz | muz | muz | boz | buz | |
| grey | boz | boz | boz | |||
| pepper | murç | burış | murch | — | ||
| mustache | murut | murt | murt | — | ||
| 1000 | miŋ | mıŋ | ming | bin | ||
| neck | moyun | moyın | bo'yin | boyun | ||
| height, shore | boy | boy | bo'y | boy | ||
| syllable, joint | muun | buwın | bo'g'in | boğum (node) | ||
| tower | munara/burana | munara | minora | minare | ||
| screw | bura | bura | bura | bur- | ||
| brave | märt | mard | mert | |||
| a musical instrument | qomuz | qobız | qo'biz | |||
| holiday | mayram | mayram | bayram | |||
| tabacco/cigarette | tameki | temeki | ||||
| grammatical stuff | ||||||
| I | men | men | men | män | ben | |
| this | bu(l) | bul | bu | bu | ||
| at this, here | mında | — | ||||
| Q | -BI | MA | mi | -mI | mI | |
| NEG | -BA | -MA | -ma | -mA | -mA | |
/l/ vs /n/
| gloss | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | Uzbek | Tatar | Turkish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| duty | mildet | mindet | |||
| shirt | köynök | köylek | ko'ylak | gömlek |
Syllable codas
| gloss | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | Uzbek | Tatar | Turkish | Uyghur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| drunk (P) | mas | mas | mast | |||
| friend (P) | dos | dos | do'st | dus/dust- | ||
| pepper | murç | burış | murch | — | ||
| forty | qırq | qırıq | qirq | |||
| square | ayant | |||||
| back | art | art | ||||
| backwards | ters | teris | ters | |||
| four | tört | tört | to'rt | dürt | ||
| younger sister | siŋdi | siŋli | singil | siŋil/siŋli- | ||
| ~homeland | jurt | yurt | ||||
| old | qart | qart | qart(ay/ang) | |||
| sugar (P) | qant | qant | qand | |||
| giant/hero | alp | alıp | alp | |||
| fame | daŋq | daŋq | dong | |||
| Turk | türk | türik | turk | |||
| Turkic | türki | |||||
| big cat (P) | bars | barıs | bars | |||
| sign(ificance)/authority | barq | |||||
| false (A) | qalp | qalb | ||||
| shape/form/position/pattern/? (A) | qalıp | qalıp | qolib | |||
| people (A) | qalq | xalıq | xalq | |||
| salty cheese balls | qurut | qurut | qurut | |||
| worm | qurt | qurt | ||||
| attention | qunt | |||||
| melt | ||||||
| qalt | ||||||
| kenç | ||||||
| quick movement | jalt | |||||
| crush, pound | janç- |
Other Stuff
- илбирс / ирбис
- ұқсас / окшош
