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The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography.
This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used.
The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.
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This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.
Technology
- altın - gold
- Proto-IE ǵʰel- - to shine
- bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)
- *yurt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved (homeland, yurt)
- PIE' ǵʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
- *köpür-üg - bridge
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
Nature
- alma - apple
- Germanic *æpl
- Russian jablo-
- Latin/Romance pom-
- Greek melo-
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- yil - year
- English year
- Proto-IE yōr-
- ań - moon, month
- (Proto-Altaic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year
- yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- ot - grass
- Tokharian āti grass
- Proto-IE ad- grain
- sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
- Tokharian su- / swāsā-
- Greek hǖei̯
- Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian us
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- yapraq - leaf
- Arabic varaq leaf?, page?
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel
- bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float
- teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- to flow, to run
- lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug
- balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- *tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
- *köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
- çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
- yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- *qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
Verbs
- ber - give
- Proto-IE bher - carry, bear
- Russian брать - take
- piş-ir - cook
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- Russian печь
- Tokharian päk-
- tur - stand
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage
- ekʷ- - drink
- Proto-IE *ekʷ- - drink
- Turkic iç - drink
- Tokharian yok
- gäp-ir - something said, speak
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
- teg - touch
- English touch
- Tokharian tek
- öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
- *qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
Body parts
- Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *ped, pod (*p—d) - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- PrTk. *but - foot
- Proto-IE *ped, pod (*p—d) - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- el - hand
- Proto-IE *h₁el- elbow, forearm
- *jajŋaq (jāq) - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- English jaw
- qulaq - ear
- 'Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
- meŋä / miy (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
- Sogdian m'g
- 'Proto-IE *men- mind
- murt - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
- bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- OHG botah
- *tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
- *bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥- - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
Numerals
- bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe
- ek(k)i - two
- English second
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- tȫrt - four
- Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
- Proto-IE kwetwores
- bēş - five
- Proto-IE penkwe
- Tokharian pañä, piç, piś
- jet(t)i - seven
- Tokharian s.pät, sukt
- Proto-IE septom
- sek(k)iz - eight
- Tokharian okat, okt
- Proto-IE októ
- yigirmä - twenty
- Tokharian wiki, ikäṃ (PTn *w'īkän)
- tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám
People
- er - male, man
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
Grammatical
- qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- -mA - verbal negative morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
- beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
- English fore
- Latin pre-
Other
- aul - village (field?) (awla - yard)
- āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
- ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other
- süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE *ksweid- milk
- māl - time, moment
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- en: meal
- yi: mol time
- de: Mahl, Mal
- ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
- *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Kg. ubada- - promise (origin?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
Incorporate or not?
- Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- IE *sú- - to be born
- Tokharian káryap - harm
- IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
- IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
- IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
- IE *pel- - grey
- IE *ḱas- - grey
- IE *tark- - to twist
- IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- IE *kaput- - head
- IE *knid- - louse
Cognates with Russian
- murç / burç - pepper
- muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
- yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- qara
- beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
- boran - storm
- seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sep- - scatter/sow
- sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
Notes
- Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
- When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
- Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
- Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
PIE-to-Turkic correspondences
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
*p
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*t
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*ḱ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa
ḱlew- → qul-aq
|
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
ḱel- → yıl
ḱḗr → yür-äk
|
end |
other
|
*k
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*kʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
ekʷ → iç- |
pekʷ → piş-ir
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*b
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*d
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*ǵ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
h₂erǵ- → āq |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*g
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
gal- → yal- |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*gʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*bʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*dʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*ǵʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ǵʰáns- → qāz
ǵʰer- → qar-ın
|
end
|
other
|
| front vowel
|
ǵʰel- → ∅altın
ǵʰer-dʰ → yur-t
|
end
|
other
|
*gʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
gʰabʰ- → qap- |
end |
other
|
| front vowel
|
beg |
end |
other
|
*gʷʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
beg |
dʰégʷʰ → yaq |
other
|
| front vowel
|
gʷʰer- → yar- |
end |
other
|
Sources
