Turkic *z

Turkic-internal evidence

• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#r/z and l/ş alternations
• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#Causatives
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#!!!
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#Tuvan (see ergi)
• The pronouns

Turkic-external evidence

*s → z/r

• *qās (← PIE *
  • *qās — sah: xās, kjh: xas, tuv/alt/cjs: qas
  • *qāz — kaz/kir: qaz, gag: qāz, tuk: ğāz
  • *qār — chv: xur

*s → r/r

• *semir-
• *kör
• bilek+yüzük → bilezik/bilerik