Difference between revisions of "Turkic-Mongolic cognates"
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| || || залга- || жалға- (kaz) || splice → extend | | || || залга- || жалға- (kaz) || splice → extend | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || || | + | | || || шөвөг || шибеге || awl |
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 12:24, 15 October 2022
This page's purpose is to collect cognates between Turkic and Mongolic languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing.
"Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.
Contents
First part of a list
Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Old Turkic? | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
малгай ‘hat’ | малакай ‘men's fur hat without lapel or brim’ | малақай | M→T | ||
шүүлс ‘lynx’ | сүлөөсүн ‘lynx’ | сілеусін | M→T | ||
эр | эр | Altaic? | |||
тэмдег | тамга | Altaic? | |||
болд ‘steel’ | болот | ||||
баатар | баатыр | батыр | M→T | ||
алтан | алтын | алтын | |||
цэцэг | |||||
тунгалаг ‘clear’ | тунук ‘clear’ | ||||
мөнх ‘eternal’ | мәңгі | ||||
жаргал | жыргал | жырғау | |||
ой ‘mind, intellect’ | ой ‘thought’ | ой | |||
beläk | бэлэг ‘gift’ | белек ‘gift’ | — | M→T | |
тэнгэр | |||||
зориг | |||||
чул | |||||
жимс | жемиш | жеміс | T→M | ||
бал | бал | бал | |||
бар ‘tiger’ | барс | ||||
buqa | бух ‘bull’ | бука ‘bull’ | |||
гэр-бүл ‘family’ | үй-бүлө ‘family’ | — | M→T | ||
бүр | бир | бір | |||
бүтэн | бүт | бүтін | |||
yomaq | домог | жомок | — | ||
tanı-? | тани- | тааны- | таны- | ||
эрх | эрк ‘free will’ | ерік ‘free will’ | |||
ээмэг | иймек | T→M | |||
эсгэ(лэн) | ачы/ачкылт | ||||
шээ- | сий- | ||||
шар | сары | Altaic | |||
шивнэ- | шыбыра- | ||||
бороо ‘rain’ | бороон ‘storm’ | ||||
бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ||||
мал | мал | мал | |||
ихэр | эгиз | егіз | |||
жил ‘year’ | жыл | жыл | Altaic | ||
илжиг ‘donkey’ | эшек | есек | Altaic | ||
дэл ‘mane’ | жал ‘mane’ | Altaic | |||
даал? | даалы ‘top of shoulders’ | M→T | |||
арга | арга ‘way out (of a problem)’ | M→T? | |||
ар ‘back’ | арка ‘back’ | ||||
ар ‘back’ | арт ‘back’ | ||||
тамир ‘strength’ | тамыр ‘vein, root’ | ||||
тара- ‘scatter’ | тара-т- ‘scatter’ | ||||
тас ‘vulture’ | таскара ‘vulture’ | ||||
орд(он?) ‘palace’ | ордо ‘palace’ | орда ‘?’ | |||
орон ‘country/dwelling’ | орун ‘place’ | орын | |||
тийм ‘such’ | тим ‘~such’ | ||||
мянга ‘thousand’ | миң | мың | Altaic, ..? | ||
будаа ‘rice’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
буудай ‘wheat’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
tölä- ‘pay’ | төл- ‘pay’ | төлө- ‘pay’ | төле- ‘pay’ | ||
—? | төл ‘baby herd animal’ | төл | төл | ||
дүлөй ‘deaf’ | |||||
өйдө ‘up’ | |||||
каалга ‘door of yurt’ | — | ||||
уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’ | унаа ‘transport’ | ||||
саа- ‘milk’ | саа- | сау- | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | ||
саам ‘mare's milk’ | саамал | ||||
саадах ‘quiver’ | саадак | ||||
ширь ‘leather (thin)’ | шири ‘chrome leather’ | ||||
булигаар ‘worked leather’ | булгаары ‘worked leather’ | ||||
боо ‘string’ | |||||
köndelen ‘across’ | хөндлөн ‘across’ | көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ | |||
buɣura ‘male camel’ | буур | буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | ||
budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ | ботко ‘porridge’ | ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ | |||
халгай ‘nettle’ | — | қалақай ‘nettle’ | M→T | ||
бэлэн ‘ready’ | белен ‘ready’ | — | M→T | ||
xurigan | хурга ‘lamb’ | козу | қозы | Altaic | |
šatu | шат ‘stairs’ | шаты ‘stairs’ | ~саты | T→M | |
чыда- ‘put up with’ | |||||
тунгалаг | тунук | ||||
em-e ‘female’ | эм- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ем- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ? | ||
urtu | урт ‘long’ | узун ‘long’ | ?? | ||
xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’ | хоног | конок ‘guest’ | қонақ | ||
xonu- ‘spend the night’ | хонох | кон- ‘stay the night’ |
My additions to Csáki's list
Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | zirɣal | жаргал | жыргал | ‘pleasure’ | yes |
— | … bule | гэр бүл | үй бүлө | ‘family’ | yes |
— | ele | л | эле | ‘just/only’ | yes |
!yomaq ‘legend’ | domuɣ | домог | жомок | ‘fairy tale’ | yes |
— | belterge | бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ‘wolf cub’ | yes |
— | arɣ-a | арга | арга | ‘way out’ | yes |
— | tas | тас | тазкара | ‘vulture’ | yes |
timin? ‘just now’ | tein/teimy | тийм | тим | ‘such’ | yes |
— | buɣudai | буудай | буудай | ‘wheat’ | yes |
— | unaɣ-a | уна- ‘falling, driving’ | унаа ‘means of transportation’ | yes | |
— | xural | хурал | курултай | ‘meeting’ | yes |
ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’ | ulus | улс | улут | ‘nation’ | yes |
— | silykei | шүлхий | шилекей | ‘saliva’ | yes |
— | cangɣa- | цанга- | (southern) чаңка- | ‘be thirsty’ | yes |
— | zolbin | золбин | жолбун | ‘stray’ | yes |
— | zegerde | зээрд | жээрде | ‘chestnut horse’ | yes |
— | tos- | тос- | тос- | ‘meet, pick up’ | yes |
— | cana | цана | чана | ‘ski, sled’ | yes |
buɣu | buɣu | буга | бугу | ‘deer’ | yes |
— | xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n) | хороо | короо | ~‘corral’ | yes |
uruq(?) ‘rope’ | urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a) | урга, уураг, уурга | укурук | ‘lasso pole’ | yes |
— | tøry- | төр- | төрө- | ‘bear child’ | yes |
(ös-) | øs- | өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’ | өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’ | ‘grow’ | yes |
— | belen | бэлэн | белен | ‘ready’ | yes |
— | kørsi(n) | хөрш | Kazakh көрші | neighbour | yes |
uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’ | uruɣ | ураг ‘relatives by marriage’ | уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’ | +yes | |
(rasayan) | (a)rasijan | рашаан | арашан | ‘holy/mineral spring’ | yes |
— | cuɣ | цуг | чогуу | ‘together’ | yes |
yalɣu ‘stupid person’ | zalxaɣu | залхуу | жалкоо | ‘lazy’ | ?yes |
— | ɣolumta | голомт | коломто | ‘hearth’ | yes |
— | xaɣalɣ-a(n) | хаалга | каалга | ‘yurt door’ | yes |
örgün, örgin ‘throne’ | ørgyge(n) | өргөө | өргөө | ‘Khan's yurt’ | yes |
— | bøle/byly | бүл | бөлө | ‘progeny of sisters’ | yes |
— | byky | бүх | бүкүл | ‘all, whole, everything’ | yes |
?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’ | cakilɣan | цахилгаан | чагылган | ‘lightning’ | yes |
mal ‘wealth’ | mal | мал | мал | ‘heard animal’ | ?yes |
aɣïl | ayil | айл | айыл | ‘camp, village’ | yes |
— | alaɣ-a(n) | алга | алакан | ‘palm’ | yes |
— | cida- | чад- | чыда- ‘put up with’ | ‘be able to’ | yes |
— | cimki- | чимхэ- | чымчы- | ‘pinch’ | yes |
— | dalu | дал | далы | ‘shoulder’ | yes |
— | møndyr | мөндөр | мөндүр | ‘hail’ | yes |
— | saɣadaɣ | саадах | саадак | ‘quiver’ | yes |
— | coxu | цох | чоку | ‘forehead’ | yes |
— | darui | даруй | дароо | ‘immediately’ | yes |
— | dylei | дүлий | дүлөй | ‘deaf’ | yes |
Make a point with, but don't include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qaɣur- | xaɣur- | хуур- | куур(у)- | ‘fry’ | +no |
tanï- | tani- | tani- | тааны- | ‘know’ | ?? |
qatïɣ | xataɣu | хатуу | катуу | ‘tough’ | no+ |
burčaq | burcaɣ | буурцаг | буурчак | ‘bean, pea’ | no+ |
saɣ- | saɣa- | саа- | саа- | ‘milk (v.t.)’ | no+ |
*Might* be of Mongolian origin
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qalqan | xalx-a | халх | калка(н(ч)) | shield | ?no |
qara-? | xara- | хар- | кара- | ‘look at’ | ?no |
ulam ‘always’ | ulam ‘further’ | улам ‘still more’ | улам ‘always; still more’ | ‘always; further’ | ?no |
— | bolud | болд | болот | ‘steel’ | ?? |
— | tungɣalaɣ | тунгалаг | тунук | ‘clear’ | ? |
— | cimeg | чимэг | чийме | ‘decoration’ | ? |
— | zang | зан | Kazakh заң ‘law’ | ‘nature of, customs’ | no? |
qoŋqiu/quŋqau | xongxu | хонх | коңгуроо | ‘bell’ | ? |
baɣïrsa-? | boɣursuɣ? | боорцог | боорсок | ‘fried dough’ | ?no |
botu | botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n) | ботго | бото | ‘baby camel’ | ?no |
цог | чок (Kz. шоқ) | ember |
Don't Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bütün | bytyn | бүтэн | бүтүн, бүт | ‘entire’ | no |
bütgü, bütkü | bykyli | бүхэл | бү(т)күл | ‘entire’ | no |
bat | batu | бат | бат | ‘strong, fast’ | no |
mengü | møngke | мөнх | мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’) | ‘eternal’ | no |
beläk | beleg | бэлэг | белек | ‘gift’ | no |
tamïr | tamir | тамир ‘bodily strength’ | тамир ‘vein, stem’ | ‘vein; strength’ | no |
tara- | tara- | тара- | тарат- | ‘scatter (v.t.)’ | no |
arpa | arbai | арвай | арпа | ‘barley’ | no |
meŋ | mengge | мэнгэ | мэң | ‘mole (facial feature)’ | no |
tegirmän | tegerm-e | тээрэм | тэгирмен | ‘mill’ | no |
— | siɣazaɣai | шаазгай | сагызган | ‘magpie’ (onom.) | no |
bölük | bylyg | бүлэг | бөлүк | ‘section, division’ | no |
tōr | — | тор | тор | ‘wire, gate, net’ | no |
tajaq | tajaɣ | таяг | таяк | ‘stick’ | no |
öŋ | øngge(n) | өнгө | өң | ‘colour’ | no |
(čöl-lig/čöl-gi) | cøl | цөл | чөл | ‘desert’ | no |
teg | tig | тэг | тик | ‘straight up, piont; like’ | no |
tekä | teke | тэх | теке | ‘male goat’ | no |
sid- | sige- | шээ- | сий- | ‘urinate’ | no |
kölük | kølge(n) | хөлөг | Kazakh көлік | ‘transport, vehicle’ | no |
ay+la-? | ajala- | аял- ‘travel’ | айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’ | ‘turn around’ | no |
čïn | ching | чин | чын | ‘true’ ← Chinese | no |
töl | töl | төл | төл | ‘baby herd animal’ | no |
učra-? | ucir | учир ‘reason’ | учур ‘moment, period’ | ? | no |
salqïm | salki(n) | салхи ‘wind’ | салкын ‘cool’ | wind, windy | no |
qurɣaq | xuɣurai | хуурай | кургак | ‘dry’ | no |
yaqa | zax-a | зах | жака | ‘collar’ | no |
saqal | saxal | сахал | сакал | ‘facial hair, beard’ | no |
körk+ | køgerken | хөөрхөн | көркөм | ‘good-looking’ | no |
bulaq | bulaɣ | булаг | булак | ‘spring’ | no |
—? | —? | оромог | оромо | ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ | no |
qurč | xurca | хурц | курч | ‘sharp’ (strong?) | no |
— | — | — | оро- | ‘wrap’ | no |
— | ?bylteger+ken | ?бүлтгэр-хэн | бүлдүркөн | ‘blackberry’ | no |
qïraɣu | kiraɣu | хяруу | кыроо | ‘hoarfrost’ | no |
orun | orun | орон | орун | ‘place’ | no |
tölä- | төл- | төлө- | ‘pay’ | no | |
bel | bel | бэл | бел | ‘waist’ | no |
yoluq- | zoluɣa- | золго- | жолук- | ‘meet’ | no |
хулан | кулан | onager | no | ||
berik | böke, beki | бөх, бэх | бек (kk. берік) | strong | no |
давс | туз | salt | no | ||
buzaʁu | biraɣu | бяруу | музоо | calf | no |
эм | эм | medicine | no | ||
belgü | belge | белги | ‘sign’ | no | |
idi | eje-n | эзэн | ээ | ‘master’ | no |
ordu | orda | ‘palace’ | no | ||
qarşı | qarsi | каршы | ‘against’ | no | |
balıq | balaqa-sun | ‘city’ | no | ||
täŋri | tngri | ‘heaven’ | no | ||
üli-? | üli- | ‘compare’ | no | ||
kökürčkän | kegürjegen/kegürjigen | көгүчкөн | dove | no | |
qut | qutuɣ | хутаг | кут | sanctity, goodness | no |
tarığ | tariya | тариа | таруу | crop → millet | no |
Need to sort
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
булчин | булчуң | muscle | yes | ||
дАА | да | modal particle | yes | ||
-ч/-ж | -чУ | verb suffix | yes | ||
багш | бакшы | teacher, witch doctor | yes | ||
эдгэ- | айык- | get better (v.i.) | ?? | ||
төр | төр | minister (political) | |||
бэлэн | белен | ready | |||
хэрээс ‘criss-cross’ | кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’ | ||||
bod- | буд- | боё- | ‘paint’ | no | |
qorɣa | — | корго- | place of refuge → defend | yes | |
цэг | чекит | dot, period | yes(?) | ||
sun- | сунга- | сун- | stretch→extend→suggest,offer | ||
qirğaʁul? | хяруул | кыргоол | pheasant | yes | |
čag | цаг | чак | (period of) time → tense | ||
erte | эрт | эрте | early | ||
зуур- | жууру- | knead dough | |||
шивэр | шибер | thicket/meadow | |||
хөө- | көбө- | swell, increase in size | |||
kög? | хөө | көө | soot | ||
чулгоо | портянка = foot wrapping ? | ||||
шыйрак | animal's lower leg | yes | |||
сонино | сонун | new → interesting | yes | ||
хэхир- | кекир- | burp | |||
хамт | камты- | (join) together | |||
хараа- | карга- | to curse | |||
jayidaŋ? | жайдак? | barren, unsaddled | |||
qaraɣu? | каруу? | power, strength | |||
хүхэр | күкүрт | sulfur | |||
ширеңке? | matches | ||||
хэдэр | кежир | crotchety | |||
?širi | шир | шири | leather | yes | |
bez/böz | bös | бөс | бөз | a type of cotton cloth | no |
bedük? | büdügün | бүдүүн | бийик | high, tall; fat, large | no |
ögede | өөд | өйдө | upwards | ||
?? | üčügüken ‘small’ | ‘light’ | ичке ‘thin’ | ||
хөөмий ‘throat singing’ | көмөкөй ‘uvula’ | yes | |||
тоть | тото | parrot | yes | ||
дууриа-, дуурай- | туура- | copy (person), mimick | |||
хав- ‘trap (v.t.)’ | капкан ‘trap (n.)’ | ||||
үйл ‘deed’ | иш ‘work, deed’ | no | |||
хир | кир | dirty, laundry | |||
цоч- / цочир- | чочу- / чочут- | be startled / startle | |||
цугл- | чогул- | get together | |||
чуул- | чогул- | assemble, convene | |||
дов ‘hill’ | тоо ‘mountain’, дөбө ‘hill’ | HMM | |||
šoɣ | шог | шок | ‘joker, clowning-around’ | ||
алх | балка | ‘hammer’ | no | ||
цал | чал | ‘old / old man’ | |||
буурал | буурул | ‘dark(?) grey (of hair)’ | |||
мохоо | мокок | ‘dull’ | |||
худаг | кудук | ‘well’ | ~yes | ||
булх- ‘make wet’ | булга- ‘make ~dirty’ | ||||
qozı | quraɣ-an | хурга ‘1yo sheep’ | козу ‘lamb’ | lamb | no |
сав- | саба-/чап- | hit, beat | |||
саваа | сабоо | pole for beating wool into felt | |||
quɣu | qun | хун | [ак]куу | swan | no |
мөр ‘footprint’ | мөөр ‘seal’ | ?? | |||
талх ‘bread’ | талкан ‘ground grain / meal’ | ‘bread, meal’ | yes | ||
?daqin | дагы ‘more, still’ | тағы | |||
tala | тал | талаа | ‘field, steppe’ | yes | |
уурга | укурук | ‘lasso pole’ | yes | ||
сонирхо- ‘be interested in’ | сонурка- ‘be amazed’, kz. сонырқа- ‘be amazed/amused; find new pasture’ | yes | |||
arai | арай | араң, (kaz.) әрең ‘barely’ | "a little too; not quite; hardly; barely" | ||
аз | |||||
büligen | бүлээн - warm (of liquids) | мелүүн - warm (of air) | warm | ||
чийг - damp, humid | чийки (kk. шикі) - raw | ? | |||
тушаа | тушоо (kk. тұсау) | (horse) hobble | |||
jele | зэл | желээ (kk. желі) ‘web’ | rope for tying young horses to while milking mare; tethering place; vine, stem of creeping plants | ||
siri- | шир- | шыры- | to quilt | ||
sirü | шүр | шуру | coral, bead | ||
чацаргана | чычырканак, kz. шырғанақ | sea-buckthorn | |||
маяг | маяк | (signal??) | |||
цуу | чуу ('ruckus'), (kaz.) шу | noise | |||
siber | шивэр/шивир | шыбыр, (kaz.) сыбыр | whisper | ||
siŋge- | шинг- | сиң-, (kaz.) сің- | soak into, be absorbed | ||
sirbe- | ширв- | шыпыр-, (kaz.) сыпыр- | sweep | ||
sir ‘varnish, laquer’ | шир | сыр ‘whitewash’ (+kaz) ‘paint, enamel’ | paint? | ||
siri | шир | шири, сірі | rawhide | ||
siqa- | шах- | сык- | squeeze | ||
ters | тэрс (opposing in view) | терс (physically opposing) | opposing | ||
aru | ар | аары/әрі ‘far side’ | rear, back side | ||
arudu | ар(т) ‘back side’ | in the rear/back, behind | |||
baqa | baqa | бах | бака | frog, toad | no |
tuɣ | туг | туу/ту | flag, banner | ||
ариун | аруу/ару | ||||
naɣaču (check) | нағашы (kaz) | (male relative on mother's side) | |||
način (check) | ылаачын | falcon | |||
inag (check) | ынак | favourite | identified by Khabtagaeva → yes | ||
dari | дары | gunpowder → medicine (but cf. Persian dāru ‘medicine, gunpower’) | identified by Csaki → no | ||
капчыгай | gorge | ||||
aŋqau | аңкыгый | (←Csáki) | |||
tüge- | түгөн-, түгөт- | be enough → be exhausted / exhaust | |||
aŋ | аң | hole | |||
tebene | темене | needle (?) | |||
бод мал | бодо мал | heavy livestock | |||
tobči | товч | топчу | button | ||
xuɣurai | хуурай | куурай | dry → dry grass(es) ? | ||
möči | мөч | мүчө | body part, member | ||
alisun (check) | алс | алыс | far | ||
мөлж- | мөлжү- | gnaw | |||
toɣoɣači | тогооч | токоч | cook → bread ????? | ||
тулга | тулга | support for qazan | |||
залга- | жалға- (kaz) | splice → extend | |||
шөвөг | шибеге | awl |
Csáki's list for Kyrgyz
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
abisun (WMo) | abısın | sister in laws | ||
abura- | abra- (south) ‘be many’ | to save, rescue, nurse | ||
alus | алс | alıs | further | |
alisun | alısın | second crop | ||
alja- | aljı- ‘be wrong’ | get tired, exhausted | ||
angqaɣu | aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’ | hard palate | ||
angɣai- | aŋqıy- / aŋqay- | ‘be wide open’ | ||
arča | arča | juniper | ||
arči- | aarčı- | clean | ||
asara- | asıra- ‘adopt a child’ | protect | ||
elči (WMo) | elči | envoy | ||
itelgü | itelgi | falcon | ||
egejegei (WMo) | ejigey | red curds, dry cheese | ||
baɣana (WMo) | mamı? | pillar, pole | ||
baital | baytal | 3-yo horse | ||
baɣatur | баатар | baatır | hero, brave | |
baja | баз | baja | brother-in-law | |
berket- | bekit- ‘lock’ | strengthen | ||
bilčara- | bıljıra- ‘be slippery’ | soften | ||
begelei | meeley | mittens | ||
bulanggir(tai) | (buldur?) | dim | ||
büldürge (WMo) | büldürgö / büldürgü | loop on a whip handle | ||
boljal | boljol | term | ||
boro'an | бороо | boroon | snowstorm → storm | |
buɣurul | burul | grey | ||
bosaɣa | босго | bosoğo | threshold | |
bödene | bödönö | quail | ||
börte | börtö | dark chestnut (horse) | ||
bötege | bötögö | bird innards | ||
čagaɣan | цагаан | čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’ | white → maple | |
čabidur | čabdar | yellow horse with white mane and tail | ||
čečen | цэцэн | čečen ‘orator’ | wise → minstrel | |
čida- | чад- | čıda- | be able to → put up with | |
čilbuɣur | čılbır | chain | ||
čiray | царай | čıray ‘facial features’ | face, appearance, expression | |
čeber | цэвэр | чебер ‘prettily made’ | nice, good | |
čer | чер | illness | ||
*čöɣüče | čöyčök | small cup (bowl) | ||
čöregei (WMo) | čürök | loon | ||
demči (WMo) | demči ‘doctor’? | business man → suitor | ||
doluɣana (WMo) | dolono | hawthorn | ||
dönen | dönön | 3-4yo stallion | ||
sar (WMo) | sar, sarı | hawk | ||
ilɣa- | ılğa- | choose, select → differentiate | ||
irjayi- | ırjay- | show one's bare teeth | ||
erke | erke | spoiled, pampered | ||
erkele- | erkele- | pamper | ||
jada- | зад-? | jada- / taja- | be exhausted | |
yadaɣu | jadoo | worn out | ||
yalga- | jalğa- | connect, join | ||
jasaɣul | jasool ‘executive’ | guard | ||
jaɣuči | juuču | suitor | ||
jüde- (WMo) | jüdö- | be tired, exhausted → be in hard times | ||
qabirqa | хавирга | qabırğa | rib, side, flank | |
qaiči | хайч | qayčı | scissors | |
qanjuqa | qanjığa | saddle-thong | ||
qabturɣa | qapčıq ‘bag’ | wallet, pocket, leather sack | ||
qaragai (WMo) | qarağay | larch, spruce | ||
qaraŋgui | харанхуй | qaraŋğı | dark | |
qaraɣul | qarool | guard, watch | ||
qarčiqai | qarčığa | falcon | ||
qariɣu | ?qayruu (←qɑyır-) | objection | ||
kekül | хөхөл | kökül ‘bangs’ | horse's forlock | |
qiramaɣ (WMo) | qılamıq | powdery snow | ||
kitad | qıtat ‘black paint’ | Chinese silk | ||
genedte | kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’ | suddenly | ||
kenye (WMo) | kenje | youngest child | ||
quda | quda | groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives | ||
quduɣ | худаг | quduq | well | |
ɣunajin | qunaajın / qunaayın | 3yo female animal | ||
ɣunan | qunan | 3yo stallion | ||
küren | хүрэн | küröŋ | brown (horse) | |
*qonolqa (WMo) | qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ | shelter for the night | ||
qongɣur | qoŋur | dark brown | ||
kur | qaraqur | grouse | ||
kökün | kökürök | breast → chest | ||
kömegei (WMo) | kömököy | Adam's apple | ||
makta- | магта- | maqta- | praise | |
malaqay | малгай | malaqay | hat | |
manglai | манлай | maŋday | forehead | |
mata- (WMo) | mata- | bend →/, disturb | ||
mergen | мэргэн | mergen | marksman | |
mese (WMo) | meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’ | glutton; sharp, sword | ||
moqadaq | moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’ | stupid | ||
möče(?) | мөч? | möčö | body part → body | |
mültüre- | möltürö- | break loose → get engorged; shine | ||
moyil | moyul | bird-cherry | ||
niɣ (WMo) | nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’) | solid | ||
nökör | нөхөр | nögör | friend → best man | |
noqta | noqto | horse halter | ||
učira- | учр- | učura- | encounter | |
onggi | uŋğu | socket for axe handle | ||
ölke | ölkö ‘country’ | sunny side → area | ||
saɣadaq (WMo) | saadaq | quiver | ||
saqaɣu (WMo) | saqoo ‘stutterer’ | a horse disease, (deaf) | ||
siläɣüsün | шилүүс | sülöösün | lynx | |
siltaɣ(an) | sıltoo | motive | ||
sirxa-n (WMo) | sırqoo | injury → illness, ailment | ||
sauqa | sooğa | gift → candy, nice textile | ||
suli (WMo) | sulu | feather grass → oats | ||
söɣem | сөөм | sööm | span | |
soqor | сохор | soqur | blind | |
*solaqai (WMo) | soloğoy | left → left-handed | ||
šibaɣa(n) | šıbağa | lot | ||
silükei (WMo) | шүлхий | šilekey | saliva | |
šiŋqor | шонхор | šumqar / šuŋqar | falcon | |
takim | тахим | taqım | knee cap | |
tanglai | тагнай | taŋday | soft palate | |
tasam-a (WMo) | тасам | tasma ‘ribbon’ | strap | |
tomaɣaɣ (WMo) | tomoğo | hawk headgear | ||
toqum | тохом | toqum | saddle cloth | |
toqta- | toqto- | stop | ||
tögürig (WMo) | tegerek / tögörök | circle | ||
töle- | төл- | tölö- | pay | |
oboɣa (WMo) | овоо | oboo | stone heap → mound | |
olja | oljo | loot |
Khabtagaeva's list for Kyrgyz
Tuvan words:
- adak 'lower part or mouth of a river'
- aržān 'mineral spring; holy water'
- dalay 'the sea'
- dugay 'bend of a river' ← *tokai
- ižēn 'den, lair' ← *ičēn ← *iči+GAn
- koŋgul 'hollow'
- köndey 'valley' ← *köndei/köŋdei
- xužur 'salt marsh' ← *kujir
- sayïr 'shallow place in river; pebble'
- ūrgay 'cave' ← *ūrkai ← *aɣur+KAi 'mine, shaft; hole, pit; ...'
- agār 'air'
- boydus 'nature' ← *bodis
- čïvar 'cold air' ← *jibar
- dōzun 'dust' ← *tōsun ← *toɣor+sUn ~ OTk. tōz 'dust', toz- 'become dust'
- kāŋ 'drought' ← *gāŋ ← Chinese gān 'dry'
- xayā 'glow; dawn; sunset' ← *xayā ← *qayaɣa 'edge, border; lower part; side walls of yurt; [etc.]'
- xerel 'sunbeam' ← *gerel ← ge+rA+l
- xey 'air, gas; empty; in vain' ← *kei
- salgïn 'wind' ← *salkin
- solaŋgï 'rainbow' ← *soloŋga/solongqa
- šūrɣan 'storm' ← **siɣur-GAn 'blizzard; storm with cold rain'
- tuyā 'glow; radiance' ← **tuyaɣa 'ray, beam, radiance'
- üyer 'flood' ← *üyer ~ OTk. *ögüz 'river'
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Tuvan | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
*adaq | *adag | адаг | adak ’lower part or mouth of a river’ | — | ‘end, finish; extremity’ |
The oldest cognates
These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).
gloss | Old Turkic | Chuvash | Mongolic | Hungarian | other | reconstruction? | sound correspondences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yellow-brown | yağız | dayir | [1], [2], [3], ![4] | ||||
grey | boz | boro/bora | Tung. boroŋ Turk. boz | [3], [5] | |||
stone | tāş | čul | čilaɣun | *tıla- | [5], [6], [4], [7] | ||
cow | iŋäk | ünigen | Manchu | [7] | |||
male cow | öküz | văkăr | hüker | ökör | [3], [8], [9] | ||
qoş | qolba- | [10] | |||||
bış-/piş- | (piś-?) | bol(ba)- | [10] | ||||
rabbit | tabışğan | taula- | [10], [7], [11] | ||||
copper | yez | dere- | [1], [3], [5] | ||||
twins | ikiz | yĕkĕr | ikeri/ikere | iker | [3], [5], [9] | ||
black | qara | xura | qara | ![3] | |||
yellow | sarığ | šură | sira | sárga | ![3], [4], [11]? | ||
red | qızıl | xĕrlĕ | ![10], [3] | ||||
mud,marsh | sāz | śur | ?sibar/siro- | sár | [3], [5], [9]?, [4]? [12] | ||
donkey | äşgäk | ažak? | eljigen | Tung. eyixen | [10], [7], [11]? | ||
self | ȫz | öber/öger | [3], [12] | ||||
other | ȫzkä | öbere/ögere | [3], [12] | ||||
yǖr | nūr | ||||||
tear | yaş | śul | nilbu- | [1], [10], [5], [4]? | |||
young | yaş | jalaɣu/nilqa | Tung. ńalun | [1] | |||
write, draw | yaz- | śïr- | jiru- | Tung. niru- | |||
udder | yälin | deleŋ | |||||
reed | yēz | dere- | |||||
good/upper/superior | yig/yeg | dege- | Tung. deg-/deye- | ||||
rope/thread | yip/yıp | śip | dege- | ||||
musk | yıpar | jıɣar | gyopár | ||||
fist | yudruq | nidurɣa | Tung. nurgan<*nudurgan | ||||
heart | yüräk | čəre | jirüken | ||||
ara-? | ír | ||||||
face | yǖz | śӑvar | düri/?niɣur | ||||
young cow | buzağu | păru | biraɣu | borjú | Tung. berū/borē | ||
snow | qār | yur | kira- | ![9], [4] | |||
~bald | qaşqa | qaljan | [10], [7], [11]? | ||||
spoon | qaşuq | qalbuɣa | [10], [5] | ||||
musical instrument | qopuz | Khalkha quur | [13], [3] | ||||
blue/sky | kȫk | kăvak | köke | [9], [5] | |||
bridge | köprüg | kögürge/kögerge/kegürge | [14] | ||||
baby animal | köşäk | gölüge/gölige | kölyök/kölök | ||||
to swell | köb-e- | köge- | Ewk. kebe- | [14], ![13], ![12] | |||
find (out) | tap- | tup- | taɣa- | [14] | |||
camel | täbä | tĕve | teme | ![14] | |||
dream | tül/tüş/tüşä- | tölge | Tung. tolgin | [10], ![11] | |||
tear/grate/etc. | üz- | hürü- | Tung. furu- | [8], [3], [5] | |||
stirrup | üzäŋü | yărana (*üräŋä) | döröge | Tung. durēŋki | [1], [3] | ||
cattle nose ring | yüzük | śĕr/śĕrĕ | dörö | gyűrű | [1] | ||
enemy/war | yağı | śu | dayi- | Tung. dayi- | [1], [2] | ||
lick | yalğa- | śula-/śəvla | doluɣa-/doliya- | Tung. dalaja- | [1] | ||
stick to | yap- | niɣa- | Tung. nabga- | [1], [14], ![11], [4] | |||
leaf | yapurğaq | nabči | |||||
flat | yapız | naptaɣar | Tung. naptagā/naptakā, Korean năpčak | ||||
settlement | ağıl | ayil | [2] | ||||
health | sağ | sɨvə | sayi- | [2] | |||
warm | yılığ | dulaɣan | [1], ![2], [7] | ||||
lead | qorğaşin? | qorğaljin | [10] | ||||
thousand | biŋ/bıŋ | pin | minɣan | [5] | |||
man | ēr | ar | ere | Manchu ferxe Orok pero(n) |
[5] |
- Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/lj/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- Vowel transposition
- -(ɣV)n suffix
- Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Vowel transposition
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 -(ɣV)n suffix
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B