Turkic-Mongolic cognates: Difference between revisions
From FirespeakerWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) m Reverted edits by Firespeaker (talk) to last revision by 216.9.147.70 Tag: Rollback |
||
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
| || ой ‘mind, intellect’ || || ой ‘thought’ || ой || | | || ой ‘mind, intellect’ || || ой ‘thought’ || ой || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || бэлэг ‘gift’ || || белек ‘gift’ || — || M→T | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || тэнгэр || || || || | | || тэнгэр || || || || | ||
Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
| || жимс || || жемиш || жеміс || T→M | | || жимс || || жемиш || жеміс || T→M | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || бал || || | | || бал || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || бар ‘tiger’ || || барс || | | || бар ‘tiger’ || || барс || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || бух ‘bull’ || || бука ‘bull’ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || гэр-бүл ‘family’ || || үй-бүлө ‘family’ || — || M→T | | || гэр-бүл ‘family’ || || үй-бүлө ‘family’ || — || M→T | ||
Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
| || бүтэн || || бүт || бүтін || | | || бүтэн || || бүт || бүтін || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || домог || || жомок || — || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || тани- || || тааны- || таны- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || эрх || || эрк ‘free will’ || ерік ‘free will’ || | | || эрх || || эрк ‘free will’ || ерік ‘free will’ || | ||
Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
| || буудай ‘wheat’ || || буудай ‘wheat’ || бидай ‘wheat’ | | || буудай ‘wheat’ || || буудай ‘wheat’ || бидай ‘wheat’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || төл- ‘pay’ || || төлө- ‘pay’ || төле- ‘pay’ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || төл ‘baby herd animal’|| || төл || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || || дүлөй ‘deaf’ || || | | || || || дүлөй ‘deaf’ || || | ||
Line 137: | Line 137: | ||
| köndelen ‘across’ || хөндлөн ‘across’ || || көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ || || | | köndelen ‘across’ || хөндлөн ‘across’ || || көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| buɣura ‘male camel’ || | | buɣura ‘male camel’ || || || буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra || || ambiguous in Kyrgyz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ || || || ботко ‘porridge’ || ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ || | | budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ || || || ботко ‘porridge’ || ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ || | ||
Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
| — || ele || л || эле || ‘just/only’ || yes | | — || ele || л || эле || ‘just/only’ || yes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | — || domuɣ || домог || жомок || ‘fairy tale’ || yes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| — || belterge || бэлтрэг || бөлтүрүк || ‘wolf cub’ || yes | | — || belterge || бэлтрэг || бөлтүрүк || ‘wolf cub’ || yes | ||
Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper? | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| qaɣur- || xaɣur- || хуур- || куур | | qaɣur- || xaɣur- || хуур- || куур- || ‘fry’ || +no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tanï- || tani- || tani- || тааны- || ‘know’ || ?? | | tanï- || tani- || tani- || тааны- || ‘know’ || ?? | ||
Line 279: | Line 279: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== *Might* be of Mongolian origin === | === *Might* be of Mongolian origin === | ||
Line 344: | Line 345: | ||
| öŋ || øngge(n) || өнгө || өң || ‘colour’ || no | | öŋ || øngge(n) || өнгө || өң || ‘colour’ || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | čöl-lig/čöl-gi || cøl || цөл || чөл || ‘desert’ || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| teg || tig || тэг || тик || ‘straight up, piont; like’ || no | | teg || tig || тэг || тик || ‘straight up, piont; like’ || no | ||
Line 376: | Line 377: | ||
| —? || —? || оромог || оромо || ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ || no | | —? || —? || оромог || оромо || ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| qurč || xurca || хурц || курч || ‘sharp’ | | qurč || xurca || хурц || курч || ‘sharp’ || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| — || — || — || оро- || ‘wrap’ || no | | — || — || — || оро- || ‘wrap’ || no | ||
Line 391: | Line 392: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yoluq- || zoluɣa- || золго- || жолук- || ‘meet’ || no | | yoluq- || zoluɣa- || золго- || жолук- || ‘meet’ || no | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 427: | Line 399: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper? | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper? | ||
|- | |||
| || || хулан || кулан || onager || no | |||
|- | |- | ||
| || || булчин || булчуң || muscle || yes | | || || булчин || булчуң || muscle || yes | ||
|- | |||
| || || бөх || бек || strong || no | |||
|- | |- | ||
| || || дАА || да || modal particle || yes | | || || дАА || да || modal particle || yes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || | | || || багш || бакшы || teacher, witch doctor || yes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || | | || || давс || туз || salt || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || эдгэ- || айык- || get better (v.i.) || ?? | | || || эдгэ- || айык- || get better (v.i.) || ?? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || төр || төр || minister (political) | | || || төр || төр || minister (political) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || || бяруу || музоо || calf || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || || бэлэн || белен || ready | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || || эм || эм || medicine || no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || || хэрээс ‘criss-cross’ || кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’ || || | ||
|- | |||
| | |||
| || | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 627: | Line 434: | ||
| || abura- || || abra- (south) ‘be many’ || to save, rescue, nurse | | || abura- || || abra- (south) ‘be many’ || to save, rescue, nurse | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || alus || | | || alus || || alıs || further | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || alisun || || alısın || second crop | | || alisun || || alısın || second crop | ||
Line 653: | Line 460: | ||
| || baital || || baytal || 3-yo horse | | || baital || || baytal || 3-yo horse | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || baɣatur || | | || baɣatur || || baatır || hero, brave | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || baja || | | || baja || || baja || brother-in-law | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || berket- || || bekit- ‘lock’ || strengthen | | || berket- || || bekit- ‘lock’ || strengthen | ||
Line 681: | Line 488: | ||
| || bötege || || bötögö || bird innards | | || bötege || || bötögö || bird innards | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čagaɣan || | | || čagaɣan || || čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’ || white → maple | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čabidur || || čabdar || yellow horse with white mane and tail | | || čabidur || || čabdar || yellow horse with white mane and tail | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čečen || | | || čečen || || čečen ‘orator’ || wise → minstrel | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čida- || чад- || čıda- || be able to → put up with | | || čida- || чад- || čıda- || be able to → put up with | ||
Line 691: | Line 498: | ||
| || čilbuɣur || || čılbır || chain | | || čilbuɣur || || čılbır || chain | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čiray || | | || čiray || || čıray ‘facial features’ || face, appearance, expression | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čeber || цэвэр || чебер ‘prettily made’ || nice, good | | || čeber || цэвэр || чебер ‘prettily made’ || nice, good | ||
Line 697: | Line 504: | ||
| || čer || || чер || illness | | || čer || || чер || illness | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || *čöɣüče || || čöyčök || small cup | | || *čöɣüče || || čöyčök || small cup | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || čöregei (WMo) || || čürök || loon | | || čöregei (WMo) || || čürök || loon | ||
Line 717: | Line 524: | ||
| || erkele- || || erkele- || pamper | | || erkele- || || erkele- || pamper | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || jada- || | | || jada- || || jada- / taja-|| be exhausted | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || yadaɣu || || jadoo || worn out | | || yadaɣu || || jadoo || worn out | ||
Line 729: | Line 536: | ||
| || jüde- (WMo) || || jüdö- || be tired, exhausted → be in hard times | | || jüde- (WMo) || || jüdö- || be tired, exhausted → be in hard times | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || qabirqa || | | || qabirqa || || qabırğa || rib, side, flank | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || qaiči || | | || qaiči || || qayčı || scissors | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || qanjuqa || || qanjığa || saddle-thong | | || qanjuqa || || qanjığa || saddle-thong | ||
Line 747: | Line 554: | ||
| || qariɣu || || ?qayruu (←qɑyır-) || objection | | || qariɣu || || ?qayruu (←qɑyır-) || objection | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || kekül || | | || kekül || || kökül ‘bangs’ || horse's forlock | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || qiramaɣ (WMo) || || qılamıq || powdery snow | | || qiramaɣ (WMo) || || qılamıq || powdery snow | ||
Line 759: | Line 566: | ||
| || quda || || quda || groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives | | || quda || || quda || groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || quduɣ || | | || quduɣ || || quduq || well | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ɣunajin || || qunaajın / qunaayın || 3yo female animal | | || ɣunajin || || qunaajın / qunaayın || 3yo female animal | ||
Line 765: | Line 572: | ||
| || ɣunan || || qunan || 3yo stallion | | || ɣunan || || qunan || 3yo stallion | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || küren || | | || küren || || küröŋ || brown (horse) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || *qonolqa (WMo) || || qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ || shelter for the night | | || *qonolqa (WMo) || || qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ || shelter for the night | ||
Line 791: | Line 598: | ||
| || moqadaq || || moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’|| stupid | | || moqadaq || || moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’|| stupid | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || möče(?) || | | || möče(?) || || möčö || body part → body | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || mültüre- || || möltürö- || break loose → get engorged; shine | | || mültüre- || || möltürö- || break loose → get engorged; shine | ||
Line 803: | Line 610: | ||
| || noqta || || noqto || horse halter | | || noqta || || noqto || horse halter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || učira- || | | || učira- || || učura- || encounter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || onggi || || uŋğu || socket for axe handle | | || onggi || || uŋğu || socket for axe handle | ||
Line 831: | Line 638: | ||
| || šibaɣa(n) || || šıbağa || lot | | || šibaɣa(n) || || šıbağa || lot | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || silükei (WMo) || | | || silükei (WMo) || || šilekey || saliva | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || šiŋqor || шонхор || šumqar / šuŋqar || falcon | | || šiŋqor || шонхор || šumqar / šuŋqar || falcon | ||
Line 869: | Line 676: | ||
| stone || tāş || čul || čilaɣun || || || *tıla- || <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="tpalat">Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/</ref>, <ref name="Vtranspos" />, <ref name="gan">-(ɣV)n suffix</ref> | | stone || tāş || čul || čilaɣun || || || *tıla- || <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="tpalat">Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/</ref>, <ref name="Vtranspos" />, <ref name="gan">-(ɣV)n suffix</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | cow || öküz || văkăr || hüker || ökör || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="h">Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅</ref>, <ref name="chvdiphth">Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || qoş || || qolba- || || || || <ref name="lsh">Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/</ref> | | || qoş || || qolba- || || || || <ref name="lsh">Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || bış | | || bış || || bol(ba)- || || || || <ref name="lsh" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rabbit || tabışğan || || taula- || || || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="gan" />, <ref name="Cdorsal">Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg</ref> | | rabbit || tabışğan || || taula- || || || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="gan" />, <ref name="Cdorsal">Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg</ref> | ||
Line 970: | Line 775: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lead || qorğaşin? || || qorğaljin || || || || <ref name="lsh" /> | | lead || qorğaşin? || || qorğaljin || || || || <ref name="lsh" /> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 03:45, 29 March 2021
This page's purpose is to collect cognates between Turkic and Mongolic languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing.
"Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.
First part of a list
Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Old Turkic? | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
малгай ‘hat’ | малакай ‘men's fur hat without lapel or brim’ | малақай | M→T | ||
шүүлс ‘lynx’ | сүлөөсүн ‘lynx’ | сілеусін | M→T | ||
эр | эр | Altaic? | |||
тэмдег | тамга | Altaic? | |||
болд ‘steel’ | болот | ||||
баатар | баатыр | батыр | M→T | ||
алтан | алтын | алтын | |||
цэцэг | |||||
тунгалаг ‘clear’ | тунук ‘clear’ | ||||
мөнх ‘eternal’ | мәңгі | ||||
жаргал | жыргал | жырғау | |||
ой ‘mind, intellect’ | ой ‘thought’ | ой | |||
бэлэг ‘gift’ | белек ‘gift’ | — | M→T | ||
тэнгэр | |||||
зориг | |||||
чул | |||||
жимс | жемиш | жеміс | T→M | ||
бал | |||||
бар ‘tiger’ | барс | ||||
бух ‘bull’ | бука ‘bull’ | ||||
гэр-бүл ‘family’ | үй-бүлө ‘family’ | — | M→T | ||
бүр | бир | бір | |||
бүтэн | бүт | бүтін | |||
домог | жомок | — | |||
тани- | тааны- | таны- | |||
эрх | эрк ‘free will’ | ерік ‘free will’ | |||
ээмэг | иймек | T→M | |||
эсгэ(лэн) | ачы/ачкылт | ||||
шээ- | сий- | ||||
шар | сары | Altaic | |||
шивнэ- | шыбыра- | ||||
бороо ‘rain’ | бороон ‘storm’ | ||||
бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ||||
мал | мал | мал | |||
ихэр | эгиз | егіз | |||
жил ‘year’ | жыл | жыл | Altaic | ||
илжиг ‘donkey’ | эшек | есек | Altaic | ||
дэл ‘mane’ | жал ‘mane’ | Altaic | |||
даал? | даалы ‘top of shoulders’ | M→T | |||
арга | арга ‘way out (of a problem)’ | M→T? | |||
ар ‘back’ | арка ‘back’ | ||||
ар ‘back’ | арт ‘back’ | ||||
тамир ‘strength’ | тамыр ‘vein, root’ | ||||
тара- ‘scatter’ | тара-т- ‘scatter’ | ||||
тас ‘vulture’ | таскара ‘vulture’ | ||||
орд(он?) ‘palace’ | ордо ‘palace’ | орда ‘?’ | |||
орон ‘country/dwelling’ | орун ‘place’ | орын | |||
тийм ‘such’ | тим ‘~such’ | ||||
мянга ‘thousand’ | миң | мың | Altaic, ..? | ||
будаа ‘rice’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
буудай ‘wheat’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
төл- ‘pay’ | төлө- ‘pay’ | төле- ‘pay’ | |||
төл ‘baby herd animal’ | төл | ||||
дүлөй ‘deaf’ | |||||
өйдө ‘up’ | |||||
каалга ‘door of yurt’ | — | ||||
уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’ | унаа ‘transport’ | ||||
саа- ‘milk’ | саа- | сау- | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | ||
саам ‘mare's milk’ | саамал | ||||
саадах ‘quiver’ | саадак | ||||
ширь ‘leather (thin)’ | шири ‘chrome leather’ | ||||
булигаар ‘worked leather’ | булгаары ‘worked leather’ | ||||
боо ‘string’ | |||||
köndelen ‘across’ | хөндлөн ‘across’ | көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ | |||
buɣura ‘male camel’ | буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | |||
budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ | ботко ‘porridge’ | ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ | |||
халгай ‘nettle’ | — | қалақай ‘nettle’ | M→T | ||
бэлэн ‘ready’ | белен ‘ready’ | — | M→T | ||
xurigan | хурга ‘lamb’ | козу | қозы | Altaic | |
šatu | шат ‘stairs’ | шаты ‘stairs’ | ~саты | T→M | |
чыда- ‘put up with’ | |||||
тунгалаг | тунук | ||||
em-e ‘female’ | эм- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ем- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ? | ||
urtu | урт ‘long’ | узун ‘long’ | ?? | ||
xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’ | хоног | конок ‘guest’ | қонақ | ||
xonu- ‘spend the night’ | хонох | кон- ‘stay the night’ |
My additions to Csáki's list
Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | zirɣal | жаргал | жыргал | ‘pleasure’ | yes |
— | … bule | гэр бүл | үй бүлө | ‘family’ | yes |
— | ele | л | эле | ‘just/only’ | yes |
— | domuɣ | домог | жомок | ‘fairy tale’ | yes |
— | belterge | бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ‘wolf cub’ | yes |
— | arɣ-a | арга | арга | ‘way out’ | yes |
— | tas | тас | тазкара | ‘vulture’ | yes |
timin? ‘just now’ | tein/teimy | тийм | тим | ‘such’ | yes |
— | buɣudai | буудай | буудай | ‘wheat’ | yes |
— | unaɣ-a | уна- ‘falling, driving’ | унаа ‘means of transportation’ | yes | |
— | xural | хурал | курултай | ‘meeting’ | yes |
ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’ | ulus | улс | улут | ‘nation’ | yes |
— | silykei | шүлхий | шилекей | ‘saliva’ | yes |
— | cangɣa- | цанга- | (southern) чаңка- | ‘be thirsty’ | yes |
— | zolbin | золбин | жолбун | ‘stray’ | yes |
— | zegerde | зээрд | жээрде | ‘chestnut horse’ | yes |
— | tos- | тос- | тос- | ‘meet, pick up’ | yes |
— | cana | цана | чана | ‘ski, sled’ | yes |
buɣu | buɣu | буга | бугу | ‘deer’ | yes |
— | xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n) | хороо | короо | ~‘corral’ | yes |
uruq(?) ‘rope’ | urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a) | урга, уураг, уурга | укурук | ‘lasso pole’ | yes |
— | tøry- | төр- | төрө- | ‘bear child’ | yes |
(ös-) | øs- | өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’ | өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’ | ‘grow’ | yes |
— | belen | бэлэн | белен | ‘ready’ | yes |
— | kørsi(n) | хөрш | Kazakh көрші | neighbour | yes |
uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’ | uruɣ | ураг ‘relatives by marriage’ | уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’ | +yes | |
(rasayan) | (a)rasijan | рашаан | арашан | ‘holy/mineral spring’ | yes |
— | cuɣ | цуг | чогуу | ‘together’ | yes |
yalɣu ‘stupid person’ | zalxaɣu | залхуу | жалкоо | ‘lazy’ | ?yes |
— | ɣolumta | голомт | коломто | ‘hearth’ | yes |
— | xaɣalɣ-a(n) | хаалга | каалга | ‘yurt door’ | yes |
örgün, örgin ‘throne’ | ørgyge(n) | өргөө | өргөө | ‘Khan's yurt’ | yes |
— | bøle/byly | бүл | бөлө | ‘progeny of sisters’ | yes |
— | byky | бүх | бүкүл | ‘all, whole, everything’ | yes |
?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’ | cakilɣan | цахилгаан | чагылган | ‘lightning’ | yes |
mal ‘wealth’ | mal | мал | мал | ‘heard animal’ | ?yes |
aɣïl | ayil | айл | айыл | ‘camp, village’ | yes |
— | alaɣ-a(n) | алга | алакан | ‘palm’ | yes |
— | cida- | чад- | чыда- ‘put up with’ | ‘be able to’ | yes |
— | cimki- | чимхэ- | чымчы- | ‘pinch’ | yes |
— | dalu | дал | далы | ‘shoulder’ | yes |
— | møndyr | мөндөр | мөндүр | ‘hail’ | yes |
— | saɣadaɣ | саадах | саадак | ‘quiver’ | yes |
— | coxu | цох | чоку | ‘forehead’ | yes |
— | darui | даруй | дароо | ‘immediately’ | yes |
— | dylei | дүлий | дүлөй | ‘deaf’ | yes |
Make a point with, but don't include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qaɣur- | xaɣur- | хуур- | куур- | ‘fry’ | +no |
tanï- | tani- | tani- | тааны- | ‘know’ | ?? |
qatïɣ | xataɣu | хатуу | катуу | ‘tough’ | no+ |
burčaq | burcaɣ | буурцаг | буурчак | ‘bean, pea’ | no+ |
saɣ- | saɣa- | саа- | саа- | ‘milk (v.t.)’ | no+ |
*Might* be of Mongolian origin
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qalqan | xalx-a | халх | калка(н(ч)) | shield | ?no |
qara-? | xara- | хар- | кара- | ‘look at’ | ?no |
ulam ‘always’ | ulam ‘further’ | улам ‘still more’ | улам ‘always; still more’ | ‘always; further’ | ?no |
— | bolud | болд | болот | ‘steel’ | ?? |
— | tungɣalaɣ | тунгалаг | тунук | ‘clear’ | ? |
— | cimeg | чимэг | чийме | ‘decoration’ | ? |
— | zang | зан | Kazakh заң ‘law’ | ‘nature of, customs’ | no? |
qoŋqiu/quŋqau | xongxu | хонх | коңгуроо | ‘bell’ | ? |
baɣïrsa-? | boɣursuɣ? | боорцог | боорсок | ‘fried dough’ | ?no |
botu | botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n) | ботго | бото | ‘baby camel’ | ?no |
цог | чок (Kz. шоқ) | ember |
Don't Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bütün | bytyn | бүтэн | бүтүн, бүт | ‘entire’ | no |
bütgü, bütkü | bykyli | бүхэл | бү(т)күл | ‘entire’ | no |
bat | batu | бат | бат | ‘strong, fast’ | no |
mengü | møngke | мөнх | мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’) | ‘eternal’ | no |
beläk | beleg | бэлэг | белек | ‘gift’ | no |
tamïr | tamir | тамир ‘bodily strength’ | тамир ‘vein, stem’ | ‘vein; strength’ | no |
tara- | tara- | тара- | тарат- | ‘scatter (v.t.)’ | no |
arpa | arbai | арвай | арпа | ‘barley’ | no |
meŋ | mengge | мэнгэ | мэң | ‘mole (facial feature)’ | no |
tegirmän | tegerm-e | тээрэм | тэгирмен | ‘mill’ | no |
— | siɣazaɣai | шаазгай | сагызган | ‘magpie’ (onom.) | no |
bölük | bylyg | бүлэг | бөлүк | ‘section, division’ | no |
tōr | — | тор | тор | ‘wire, gate, net’ | no |
tajaq | tajaɣ | таяг | таяк | ‘stick’ | no |
öŋ | øngge(n) | өнгө | өң | ‘colour’ | no |
čöl-lig/čöl-gi | cøl | цөл | чөл | ‘desert’ | no |
teg | tig | тэг | тик | ‘straight up, piont; like’ | no |
tekä | teke | тэх | теке | ‘male goat’ | no |
sid- | sige- | шээ- | сий- | ‘urinate’ | no |
kölük | kølge(n) | хөлөг | Kazakh көлік | ‘transport, vehicle’ | no |
ay+la-? | ajala- | аял- ‘travel’ | айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’ | ‘turn around’ | no |
čïn | ching | чин | чын | ‘true’ ← Chinese | no |
töl | töl | төл | төл | ‘baby herd animal’ | no |
učra-? | ucir | учир ‘reason’ | учур ‘moment, period’ | ? | no |
salqïm | salki(n) | салхи ‘wind’ | салкын ‘cool’ | wind, windy | no |
qurɣaq | xuɣurai | хуурай | кургак | ‘dry’ | no |
yaqa | zax-a | зах | жака | ‘collar’ | no |
saqal | saxal | сахал | сакал | ‘facial hair, beard’ | no |
körk+ | køgerken | хөөрхөн | көркөм | ‘good-looking’ | no |
bulaq | bulaɣ | булаг | булак | ‘spring’ | no |
—? | —? | оромог | оромо | ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ | no |
qurč | xurca | хурц | курч | ‘sharp’ | no |
— | — | — | оро- | ‘wrap’ | no |
— | ?bylteger+ken | ?бүлтгэр-хэн | бүлдүркөн | ‘blackberry’ | no |
qïraɣu | kiraɣu | хяруу | кыроо | ‘hoarfrost’ | no |
orun | orun | орон | орун | ‘place’ | no |
tölä- | төл- | төлө- | ‘pay’ | no | |
bel | bel | бэл | бел | ‘waist’ | no |
yoluq- | zoluɣa- | золго- | жолук- | ‘meet’ | no |
Need to sort
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
хулан | кулан | onager | no | ||
булчин | булчуң | muscle | yes | ||
бөх | бек | strong | no | ||
дАА | да | modal particle | yes | ||
багш | бакшы | teacher, witch doctor | yes | ||
давс | туз | salt | no | ||
эдгэ- | айык- | get better (v.i.) | ?? | ||
төр | төр | minister (political) | |||
бяруу | музоо | calf | no | ||
бэлэн | белен | ready | |||
эм | эм | medicine | no | ||
хэрээс ‘criss-cross’ | кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’ |
Csáki's list for Kyrgyz
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
abisun (WMo) | abısın | sister in laws | ||
abura- | abra- (south) ‘be many’ | to save, rescue, nurse | ||
alus | alıs | further | ||
alisun | alısın | second crop | ||
alja- | aljı- ‘be wrong’ | get tired, exhausted | ||
angqaɣu | aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’ | hard palate | ||
angɣai- | aŋqıy- / aŋqay- | ‘be wide open’ | ||
arča | arča | juniper | ||
arči- | aarčı- | clean | ||
asara- | asıra- ‘adopt a child’ | protect | ||
elči (WMo) | elči | envoy | ||
itelgü | itelgi | falcon | ||
egejegei (WMo) | ejigey | red curds, dry cheese | ||
baɣana (WMo) | mamı? | pillar, pole | ||
baital | baytal | 3-yo horse | ||
baɣatur | baatır | hero, brave | ||
baja | baja | brother-in-law | ||
berket- | bekit- ‘lock’ | strengthen | ||
bilčara- | bıljıra- ‘be slippery’ | soften | ||
begelei | meeley | mittens | ||
bulanggir(tai) | (buldur?) | dim | ||
büldürge (WMo) | büldürgö / büldürgü | loop on a whip handle | ||
boljal | boljol | term | ||
boro'an | бороо | boroon | snowstorm → storm | |
buɣurul | burul | grey | ||
bosaɣa | босго | bosoğo | threshold | |
bödene | bödönö | quail | ||
börte | börtö | dark chestnut (horse) | ||
bötege | bötögö | bird innards | ||
čagaɣan | čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’ | white → maple | ||
čabidur | čabdar | yellow horse with white mane and tail | ||
čečen | čečen ‘orator’ | wise → minstrel | ||
čida- | чад- | čıda- | be able to → put up with | |
čilbuɣur | čılbır | chain | ||
čiray | čıray ‘facial features’ | face, appearance, expression | ||
čeber | цэвэр | чебер ‘prettily made’ | nice, good | |
čer | чер | illness | ||
*čöɣüče | čöyčök | small cup | ||
čöregei (WMo) | čürök | loon | ||
demči (WMo) | demči ‘doctor’? | business man → suitor | ||
doluɣana (WMo) | dolono | hawthorn | ||
dönen | dönön | 3-4yo stallion | ||
sar (WMo) | sar, sarı | hawk | ||
ilɣa- | ılğa- | choose, select → differentiate | ||
irjayi- | ırjay- | show one's bare teeth | ||
erke | erke | spoiled, pampered | ||
erkele- | erkele- | pamper | ||
jada- | jada- / taja- | be exhausted | ||
yadaɣu | jadoo | worn out | ||
yalga- | jalğa- | connect, join | ||
jasaɣul | jasool ‘executive’ | guard | ||
jaɣuči | juuču | suitor | ||
jüde- (WMo) | jüdö- | be tired, exhausted → be in hard times | ||
qabirqa | qabırğa | rib, side, flank | ||
qaiči | qayčı | scissors | ||
qanjuqa | qanjığa | saddle-thong | ||
qabturɣa | qapčıq ‘bag’ | wallet, pocket, leather sack | ||
qaragai (WMo) | qarağay | larch, spruce | ||
qaraŋgui | харанхуй | qaraŋğı | dark | |
qaraɣul | qarool | guard, watch | ||
qarčiqai | qarčığa | falcon | ||
qariɣu | ?qayruu (←qɑyır-) | objection | ||
kekül | kökül ‘bangs’ | horse's forlock | ||
qiramaɣ (WMo) | qılamıq | powdery snow | ||
kitad | qıtat ‘black paint’ | Chinese silk | ||
genedte | kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’ | suddenly | ||
kenye (WMo) | kenje | youngest child | ||
quda | quda | groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives | ||
quduɣ | quduq | well | ||
ɣunajin | qunaajın / qunaayın | 3yo female animal | ||
ɣunan | qunan | 3yo stallion | ||
küren | küröŋ | brown (horse) | ||
*qonolqa (WMo) | qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ | shelter for the night | ||
qongɣur | qoŋur | dark brown | ||
kur | qaraqur | grouse | ||
kökün | kökürök | breast → chest | ||
kömegei (WMo) | kömököy | Adam's apple | ||
makta- | магта- | maqta- | praise | |
malaqay | малгай | malaqay | hat | |
manglai | манлай | maŋday | forehead | |
mata- (WMo) | mata- | bend →/, disturb | ||
mergen | мэргэн | mergen | marksman | |
mese (WMo) | meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’ | glutton; sharp, sword | ||
moqadaq | moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’ | stupid | ||
möče(?) | möčö | body part → body | ||
mültüre- | möltürö- | break loose → get engorged; shine | ||
moyil | moyul | bird-cherry | ||
niɣ (WMo) | nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’) | solid | ||
nökör | нөхөр | nögör | friend → best man | |
noqta | noqto | horse halter | ||
učira- | učura- | encounter | ||
onggi | uŋğu | socket for axe handle | ||
ölke | ölkö ‘country’ | sunny side → area | ||
saɣadaq (WMo) | saadaq | quiver | ||
saqaɣu (WMo) | saqoo ‘stutterer’ | a horse disease, (deaf) | ||
siläɣüsün | шилүүс | sülöösün | lynx | |
siltaɣ(an) | sıltoo | motive | ||
sirxa-n (WMo) | sırqoo | injury → illness, ailment | ||
sauqa | sooğa | gift → candy, nice textile | ||
suli (WMo) | sulu | feather grass → oats | ||
söɣem | сөөм | sööm | span | |
soqor | сохор | soqur | blind | |
*solaqai (WMo) | soloğoy | left → left-handed | ||
šibaɣa(n) | šıbağa | lot | ||
silükei (WMo) | šilekey | saliva | ||
šiŋqor | шонхор | šumqar / šuŋqar | falcon | |
takim | тахим | taqım | knee cap | |
tanglai | тагнай | taŋday | soft palate | |
tasam-a (WMo) | тасам | tasma ‘ribbon’ | strap | |
tomaɣaɣ (WMo) | tomoğo | hawk headgear | ||
toqum | тохом | toqum | saddle cloth | |
toqta- | toqto- | stop | ||
tögürig (WMo) | tegerek / tögörök | circle | ||
töle- | төл- | tölö- | pay | |
oboɣa (WMo) | овоо | oboo | stone heap → mound | |
olja | oljo | loot |
The oldest cognates
These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).
gloss | Old Turkic | Chuvash | Mongolic | Hungarian | other | reconstruction? | sound correspondences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yellow-brown | yağız | dayir | [1], [2], [3], ![4] | ||||
grey | boz | boro/bora | Tung. boroŋ Turk. boz | [3], [5] | |||
stone | tāş | čul | čilaɣun | *tıla- | [5], [6], [4], [7] | ||
cow | öküz | văkăr | hüker | ökör | [3], [8], [9] | ||
qoş | qolba- | [10] | |||||
bış | bol(ba)- | [10] | |||||
rabbit | tabışğan | taula- | [10], [7], [11] | ||||
copper | yez | dere- | [1], [3], [5] | ||||
twins | ikiz | yĕkĕr | ikeri/ikere | iker | [3], [5], [9] | ||
black | qara | xura | qara | ![3] | |||
yellow | sarığ | šură | sira | sárga | ![3], [4], [11]? | ||
red | qızıl | xĕrlĕ | ![10], [3] | ||||
mud,marsh | sāz | śur | ?sibar/siro- | sár | [3], [5], [9]?, [4]? [12] | ||
donkey | äşgäk | ažak? | eljigen | Tung. eyixen | [10], [7], [11]? | ||
self | ȫz | öber/öger | [3], [12] | ||||
other | ȫzkä | öbere/ögere | [3], [12] | ||||
yǖr | nūr | ||||||
tear | yaş | śul | nilbu- | [1], [10], [5], [4]? | |||
young | yaş | jalaɣu/nilqa | Tung. ńalun | [1] | |||
write, draw | yaz- | śïr- | jiru- | Tung. niru- | |||
udder | yälin | deleŋ | |||||
reed | yēz | dere- | |||||
good/upper/superior | yig/yeg | dege- | Tung. deg-/deye- | ||||
rope/thread | yip/yıp | śip | dege- | ||||
musk | yıpar | jıɣar | gyopár | ||||
fist | yudruq | nidurɣa | Tung. nurgan<*nudurgan | ||||
heart | yüräk | čəre | jirüken | ||||
ara-? | ír | ||||||
face | yǖz | śӑvar | düri/?niɣur | ||||
young cow | buzağu | păru | biraɣu | borjú | Tung. berū/borē | ||
snow | qār | yur | kira- | ![9], [4] | |||
~bald | qaşqa | qaljan | [10], [7], [11]? | ||||
spoon | qaşuq | qalbuɣa | [10], [5] | ||||
musical instrument | qopuz | Khalkha quur | [13], [3] | ||||
blue/sky | kȫk | kăvak | köke | [9], [5] | |||
bridge | köprüg | kögürge/kögerge/kegürge | [14] | ||||
baby animal | köşäk | gölüge/gölige | kölyök/kölök | ||||
to swell | köb-e- | köge- | Ewk. kebe- | [14], ![13], ![12] | |||
find (out) | tap- | tup- | taɣa- | [14] | |||
camel | täbä | tĕve | teme | ![14] | |||
dream | tül/tüş/tüşä- | tölge | Tung. tolgin | [10], ![11] | |||
tear/grate/etc. | üz- | hürü- | Tung. furu- | [8], [3], [5] | |||
stirrup | üzäŋü | yărana (*üräŋä) | döröge | Tung. durēŋki | [1], [3] | ||
cattle nose ring | yüzük | śĕr/śĕrĕ | dörö | gyűrű | [1] | ||
enemy/war | yağı | śu | dayi- | Tung. dayi- | [1], [2] | ||
lick | yalğa- | śula-/śəvla | doluɣa-/doliya- | Tung. dalaja- | [1] | ||
stick to | yap- | niɣa- | Tung. nabga- | [1], [14], ![11], [4] | |||
leaf | yapurğaq | nabči | |||||
flat | yapız | naptaɣar | Tung. naptagā/naptakā, Korean năpčak | ||||
settlement | ağıl | ayil | [2] | ||||
health | sağ | sɨvə | sayi- | [2] | |||
warm | yılığ | dulaɣan | [1], ![2], [7] | ||||
lead | qorğaşin? | qorğaljin | [10] |
- Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/lj/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- Vowel transposition
- -(ɣV)n suffix
- Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
Footnotes
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Vowel transposition
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 -(ɣV)n suffix
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- ↑ Jump up to: 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- ↑ Jump up to: 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
- ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B