Turkic-Mongolic cognates

This page's purpose is to collect cognates between Turkic and Mongolic languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing.

"Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.

First part of a list

Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Old Turkic?	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	classification
	малгай ‘hat’		малакай ‘men's fur hat without lapel or brim’	малақай	M→T
	шүүлс ‘lynx’		сүлөөсүн ‘lynx’	сілеусін	M→T
	эр		эр		Altaic?
	тэмдег		тамга		Altaic?
	болд ‘steel’		болот
	баатар		баатыр	батыр	M→T
	алтан		алтын	алтын
	цэцэг
	тунгалаг ‘clear’		тунук ‘clear’
	мөнх ‘eternal’			мәңгі
	жаргал		жыргал	жырғау
	ой ‘mind, intellect’		ой ‘thought’	ой
beläk	бэлэг ‘gift’		белек ‘gift’	—	M→T
	тэнгэр
	зориг
	чул
	жимс		жемиш	жеміс	T→M
	бал		бал	бал
	бар ‘tiger’		барс
buqa	бух ‘bull’		бука ‘bull’
	гэр-бүл ‘family’		үй-бүлө ‘family’	—	M→T
	бүр		бир	бір
	бүтэн		бүт	бүтін
yomaq	домог		жомок	—
tanı-?	тани-		тааны-	таны-
	эрх		эрк ‘free will’	ерік ‘free will’
	ээмэг		иймек		T→M
	эсгэ(лэн)		ачы/ачкылт
	шээ-		сий-
	шар		сары		Altaic
	шивнэ-		шыбыра-
	бороо ‘rain’		бороон ‘storm’
	бэлтрэг		бөлтүрүк
	мал		мал	мал
	ихэр		эгиз	егіз
	жил ‘year’		жыл	жыл	Altaic
	илжиг ‘donkey’		эшек	есек	Altaic
	дэл ‘mane’		жал ‘mane’		Altaic
	даал?		даалы ‘top of shoulders’	M→T
	арга		арга ‘way out (of a problem)’		M→T?
	ар ‘back’		арка ‘back’
	ар ‘back’		арт ‘back’
	тамир ‘strength’		тамыр ‘vein, root’
	тара- ‘scatter’		тара-т- ‘scatter’
	тас ‘vulture’		таскара ‘vulture’
	орд(он?) ‘palace’		ордо ‘palace’	орда ‘?’
	орон ‘country/dwelling’		орун ‘place’	орын
	тийм ‘such’		тим ‘~such’
	мянга ‘thousand’		миң	мың	Altaic, ..?
	будаа ‘rice’		буудай ‘wheat’	бидай ‘wheat’
	буудай ‘wheat’		буудай ‘wheat’	бидай ‘wheat’
tölä- ‘pay’	төл- ‘pay’		төлө- ‘pay’	төле- ‘pay’
—?	төл ‘baby herd animal’		төл	төл
			дүлөй ‘deaf’
			өйдө ‘up’
			каалга ‘door of yurt’	—
	уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’		унаа ‘transport’
	саа- ‘milk’		саа-	сау-	ambiguous in Kyrgyz
	саам ‘mare's milk’		саамал
	саадах ‘quiver’		саадак
	ширь ‘leather (thin)’		шири ‘chrome leather’
	булигаар ‘worked leather’		булгаары ‘worked leather’
			боо ‘string’
köndelen ‘across’	хөндлөн ‘across’		көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’
buɣura ‘male camel’	буур		буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra		ambiguous in Kyrgyz
budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’			ботко ‘porridge’	ботқа ‘porridge, mess’
	халгай ‘nettle’		—	қалақай ‘nettle’	M→T
	бэлэн ‘ready’		белен ‘ready’	—	M→T
xurigan	хурга ‘lamb’		козу	қозы	Altaic
šatu	шат ‘stairs’		шаты ‘stairs’	~саты	T→M
			чыда- ‘put up with’
	тунгалаг		тунук
em-e ‘female’			эм- ‘nurse’ v.i.	ем- ‘nurse’ v.i.	?
urtu	урт ‘long’		узун ‘long’		??
xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’	хоног		конок ‘guest’	қонақ
xonu- ‘spend the night’	хонох		кон- ‘stay the night’

My additions to Csáki's list

Include

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning	include in paper?
—	zirɣal	жаргал	жыргал	‘pleasure’	yes
—	… bule	гэр бүл	үй бүлө	‘family’	yes
—	ele	л	эле	‘just/only’	yes
!yomaq ‘legend’	domuɣ	домог	жомок	‘fairy tale’	no
—	belterge	бэлтрэг	бөлтүрүк	‘wolf cub’	yes
—	arɣ-a	арга	арга	‘way out’	yes
—	tas	тас	тазкара	‘vulture’	yes
timin? ‘just now’	tein/teimy	тийм	тим	‘such’	yes
—	buɣudai	буудай	буудай	‘wheat’	yes
—	unaɣ-a	уна- ‘falling, driving’	унаа ‘means of transportation’		yes
—	xural	хурал	курултай	‘meeting’	yes
ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’	ulus	улс	улут	‘nation’	yes
—	silykei	шүлхий	шилекей	‘saliva’	yes
—	cangɣa-	цанга-	(southern) чаңка-	‘be thirsty’	yes
—	zolbin	золбин	жолбун	‘stray’	yes
—	zegerde	зээрд	жээрде	‘chestnut horse’	yes
—	tos-	тос-	тос-	‘meet, pick up’	yes
—	cana	цана	чана	‘ski, sled’	yes
buɣu	buɣu	буга	бугу	‘deer’	yes
—	xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n)	хороо	короо	~‘corral’	yes
uruq(?) ‘rope’	urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a)	урга, уураг, уурга	укурук	‘lasso pole’	yes
—	tøry-	төр-	төрө-	‘bear child’	yes
(ös-)	øs-	өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’	өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’	‘grow’	yes
—	belen	бэлэн	белен	‘ready’	yes
—	kørsi(n)	хөрш	Kazakh көрші	neighbour	yes
uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’	uruɣ	ураг ‘relatives by marriage’	уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’		+yes
(rasayan)	(a)rasijan	рашаан	арашан	‘holy/mineral spring’	yes
—	cuɣ	цуг	чогуу	‘together’	yes
yalɣu ‘stupid person’	zalxaɣu	залхуу	жалкоо	‘lazy’	?yes
—	ɣolumta	голомт	коломто	‘hearth’	yes
—	xaɣalɣ-a(n)	хаалга	каалга	‘yurt door’	yes
örgün, örgin ‘throne’	ørgyge(n)	өргөө	өргөө	‘Khan's yurt’	yes
—	bøle/byly	бүл	бөлө	‘progeny of sisters’	yes
—	byky	бүх	бүкүл	‘all, whole, everything’	yes
?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’	cakilɣan	цахилгаан	чагылган	‘lightning’	yes
mal ‘wealth’	mal	мал	мал	‘heard animal’	?yes
aɣïl	ayil	айл	айыл	‘camp, village’	yes
—	alaɣ-a(n)	алга	алакан	‘palm’	yes
—	cida-	чад-	чыда- ‘put up with’	‘be able to’	yes
—	cimki-	чимхэ-	чымчы-	‘pinch’	yes
—	dalu	дал	далы	‘shoulder’	yes
—	møndyr	мөндөр	мөндүр	‘hail’	yes
—	saɣadaɣ	саадах	саадак	‘quiver’	yes
—	coxu	цох	чоку	‘forehead’	yes
—	darui	даруй	дароо	‘immediately’	yes
—	dylei	дүлий	дүлөй	‘deaf’	yes
		булчин	булчуң	muscle	yes ✔
		дАА	да	modal particle	yes ✔
		-ч/-ж	-чУ	verb suffix	yes ✔
		багш	бакшы	teacher, witch doctor	yes ✔
qorɣa	—		корго-	place of refuge → defend	yes?
		цэг	чекит	dot, period	yes(?)
qirğaʁul?		хяруул	кыргоол	pheasant	yes?
		сонин	сонун	strange → interesting	yes ✔
	siri	шир	шири, сірі	leather, rawhide	yes ✔
		хөөмий ‘throat singing’	көмөкөй ‘uvula’		yes ✔
		худаг	кудук	‘well’	~yes ✔
		талх ‘bread’	талкан ‘ground grain / meal’	‘bread, meal’	yes ✔
	tala	тал	талаа	‘field, steppe’	yes ✔
		уурга	укурук	‘lasso pole’	yes ✔
		сонирхо- ‘be interested in’	сонурка- ‘be amazed’, kz. сонырқа- ‘be amazed/amused; find new pasture’		yes ✔
	möči/möče	мөч	мүчө	body part, member ← limb	yes ✔
	mølzi-	мөлж-	мүлжү-/мүжі-	gnaw, pick clean	yes ✔
	sibyge(n)	шөвөг	шибеге	awl	yes ✔
	sigyder(i)	шүүдэр	шүүдүрүм	dew	yes ✔
		бээлий	мээлэй	gloves, mittens	yes ✔
	sirideg (check)	ширдэг	шырдак	felt rug	yes ✔
	ögede	өөд	өйдө	upwards	yes ✔
	čoči-/soči-	цоч- (цочир-)	чочу- (чочут-)	be startled (startle)	yes ✔
	siri-	шир-	шыры-	to quilt	yes ✔
	büligen/büliyen	бүлээн - warm (of liquids)	мелүүн - warm (of air)	warm	yes ✔
čav (MTk)	čuu (WMo)	цуу	чуу ('ruckus'), (kaz.) шу	noise	yes ✔
	siber	шивэр	шибер	thicket → tall grass	yes ✔
	čuɣla-	цугл-	чогул-	get together	yes ✔
	čiɣul(a)-	чуул-	чогул-	assemble, convene	yes ✔
	buɣural	буурал	буурул	‘dark(?) grey (of hair)’	yes ✔
		мохоо	мокок	‘dull’	yes ✔
		бод мал	бодо мал	heavy livestock	yes ✔
	inaɣ		ынак	favourite	identified by Khabtagaeva → yes ✔
	tobči	товч	топчу	button	yes ✔
	alus	алс	алыс	far	yes ✔
		тулга	тулга	support for qazan	yes ✔
	naɣaču		нағашы (kaz)	(male relative on mother's side)	yes ✔
	čarča-	царц-	чарча-	freeze	✔ yes
	ingen	ингэ	иңген, іңген	mature female camel	✔ yes
	tebene	тэвнэ	темене, тебен	large thick needle	✔ yes
	sirü	шүр	шуру	coral, bead	✔ yes
	čičarɣana	чацаргана	чычырканак, kz. шырғанақ	sea-buckthorn	✔ yes
toqu- ‘beat’ → ‘weave’?	toqu- ‘saddle’	тох- ‘put over; saddle’	току- ‘saddle (v.)’ (‘knit, crochet’, тоқы- ‘knit, crochet’)		no

Make a point with, but don't include

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning	include in paper?
qaɣur-	xaɣur-	хуур-	куур(у)-	‘fry’	+no
tanï-	tani-	tani-	тааны-	‘know’	??
qatïɣ	xataɣu	хатуу	катуу	‘tough’	no+
burčaq	burcaɣ	буурцаг	буурчак	‘bean, pea’	no+
saɣ-	saɣa-	саа-	саа-	‘milk (v.t.)’	no+

*Might* be of Mongolian origin

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning	include in paper?
qalqan	xalx-a	халх	калка(н(ч))	shield	?no
qara-?	xara-	хар-	кара-	‘look at’	?no
ulam ‘always’	ulam ‘further’	улам ‘still more’	улам ‘always; still more’	‘always; further’	?no
—	bolud	болд	болот	‘steel’	??
—	tungɣalaɣ	тунгалаг	тунук	‘clear’	?
—	cimeg	чимэг	чийме	‘decoration’	?
—	zang	зан	Kazakh заң ‘law’	‘nature of, customs’	no?
qoŋqiu/quŋqau	xongxu	хонх	коңгуроо	‘bell’	?
baɣïrsa-?	boɣursuɣ?	боорцог	боорсок	‘fried dough’	?no
botu	botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n)	ботго	бото	‘baby camel’	?no
		цог	чок (Kz. шоқ)	ember

Don't Include

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning	include in paper?
bütün	bytyn	бүтэн	бүтүн, бүт	‘entire’	no
bütgü, bütkü	bykyli	бүхэл	бү(т)күл	‘entire’	no
bat	batu	бат	бат	‘strong, fast’	no
mengü	møngke	мөнх	мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’)	‘eternal’	no
beläk	beleg	бэлэг	белек	‘gift’	no
tamïr	tamir	тамир ‘bodily strength’	тамир ‘vein, stem’	‘vein; strength’	no
tara-	tara-	тара-	тарат-	‘scatter (v.t.)’	no
arpa	arbai	арвай	арпа	‘barley’	no
meŋ	mengge	мэнгэ	мэң	‘mole (facial feature)’	no
tegirmän	tegerm-e	тээрэм	тэгирмен	‘mill’	no
—	siɣazaɣai	шаазгай	сагызган	‘magpie’ (onom.)	no
bölük	bylyg	бүлэг	бөлүк	‘section, division’	no
tōr	—	тор	тор	‘wire, gate, net’	no
tajaq	tajaɣ	таяг	таяк	‘stick’	no
öŋ	øngge(n)	өнгө	өң	‘colour’	no
(čöl-lig/čöl-gi)	cøl	цөл	чөл	‘desert’	no
teg	tig	тэг	тик	‘straight up, piont; like’	no
tekä	teke	тэх	теке	‘male goat’	no
sid-	sige-	шээ-	сий-	‘urinate’	no
kölük	kølge(n)	хөлөг	Kazakh көлік	‘transport, vehicle’	no
ay+la-?	ajala-	аял- ‘travel’	айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’	‘turn around’	no
čïn	ching	чин	чын	‘true’ ← Chinese	no
töl	töl	төл	төл	‘baby herd animal’	no
učra-?	ucir	учир ‘reason’	учур ‘moment, period’	?	no
salqïm	salki(n)	салхи ‘wind’	салкын ‘cool’	wind, windy	no
qurɣaq	xuɣurai	хуурай	кургак	‘dry’	no
yaqa	zax-a	зах	жака	‘collar’	no
saqal	saxal	сахал	сакал	‘facial hair, beard’	no
körk+	køgerken	хөөрхөн	көркөм	‘good-looking’	no
bulaq	bulaɣ	булаг	булак	‘spring’	no
—?	—?	оромог	оромо	‘wrapped steamed pastry’	no
qurč	xurca	хурц	курч	‘sharp’ (strong?)	no
—	—	—	оро-	‘wrap’	no
—	?bylteger+ken	?бүлтгэр-хэн	бүлдүркөн	‘blackberry’	no
qïraɣu	kiraɣu	хяруу	кыроо	‘hoarfrost’	no
orun	orun	орон	орун	‘place’	no
tölä-	tøly-	төл-	төлө-	‘pay’	no
bel	bel	бэл	бел	‘waist’	no
yoluq-	zoluɣa-	золго-	жолук-	‘meet’	no
		хулан	кулан	onager	no
berik	böke, beki	бөх, бэх	бек (kk. берік)	strong	no
		давс	туз	salt	no
buzaʁu	biraɣu	бяруу	музоо	calf	no
		эм	эм	medicine	no
belgü	belge		белги	‘sign’	no
idi	eje-n	эзэн	ээ	‘master’	no
ordu	orda			‘palace’	no
qarşı	qarsi		каршы	‘against’	no
balıq	balaqa-sun			‘city’	no
täŋri	tngri			‘heaven’	no
üli-?	üli-			‘compare’	no
kökürčkän	kegürjegen/kegürjigen		көгүчкөн	dove	no
qut	qutuɣ	хутаг	кут	sanctity, goodness	no
tarığ	tariya	тариа	таруу	crop → millet	no

Need to sort

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning	include in paper?
		эдгэ-	айык-	get better (v.i.)	??
		төр	төр	minister (political)
		бэлэн	белен	ready
		хэрээс ‘criss-cross’	кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’
bod-		буд-	боё-	‘paint’	no
	sun-	сунга-	сун-	stretch→extend→suggest,offer
čag		цаг	чак	(period of) time → tense
erte		эрт	эрте	early
		зуур-	жууру-	knead dough
		хөө-	көбө-	swell, increase in size
kög?		хөө	көө	soot
			чулгоо	портянка = foot wrapping ?
			шыйрак	animal's lower leg	yes
		хэхир-	кекир-	burp
		хамт	камты-	(join) together
		хараа-	карга-	to curse
	jayidaŋ?		жайдак?	barren, unsaddled
	qaraɣu?		каруу?	power, strength
		хүхэр	күкүрт	sulfur
			ширеңке?	matches
		хэдэр	кежир	crotchety
bez/böz	bös	бөс	бөз	a type of cotton cloth	no
bedük?	büdügün	бүдүүн	бийик	high, tall; fat, large	no
??	üčügüken ‘small’	‘light’	ичке ‘thin’	no
		тоть	тото	parrot	yes
		дууриа-, дуурай-	туура-	copy (person), mimick
		хав- ‘trap (v.t.)’	капкан ‘trap (n.)’
		үйл ‘deed’	иш ‘work, deed’		no
		хир	кир	dirty, laundry
		дов ‘hill’	тоо ‘mountain’, дөбө ‘hill’	HMM
	šoɣ	шог	шок	‘joker, clowning-around’
		алх	балка	‘hammer’	no
		цал	чал	‘old / old man’
		булх- ‘make wet’	булга- ‘make ~dirty’
qozı	quraɣ-an	хурга ‘1yo sheep’	козу ‘lamb’	lamb	no
		сав-	саба-/чап-	hit, beat
		саваа	сабоо	pole for beating wool into felt
quɣu	qun	хун	[ак]куу	swan	no
		мөр ‘footprint’	мөөр ‘seal’		??
	?daqin		дагы ‘more, still’	тағы
	arai	арай	араң, (kaz.) әрең ‘barely’	"a little too; not quite; hardly; barely"
			аз
		чийг - damp, humid	чийки (kk. шикі) - raw	?
tušaɣ	tusiya	тушаа	тушоо (kk. тұсау)	(horse) hobble	no
	jele	зэл	желээ (kk. желі) ‘web’	rope for tying young horses to while milking mare; tethering place; vine, stem of creeping plants	yes?
		маяг	маяк	(signal??)
	siber	шивэр/шивир	шыбыр, (kaz.) сыбыр	whisper
	siŋge-	шинг-	сиң-, (kaz.) сің-	soak into, be absorbed
	sirbe-	ширв-	шыпыр-, (kaz.) сыпыр-	sweep
	sir ‘varnish, laquer’	шир	сыр ‘whitewash’ (+kaz) ‘paint, enamel’	paint?
	siqa-	шах-	сык-	squeeze
	ters	тэрс (opposing in view)	терс (physically opposing)	opposing
	aru	ар	аары/әрі ‘far side’	rear, back side
	arudu		ар(т) ‘back side’	in the rear/back, behind
baqa	baqa	бах	бака	frog, toad	no
	tuɣ	туг	туу/ту	flag, banner
		ариун	аруу/ару
	način (check)		ылаачын	falcon
	dari		дары	gunpowder → medicine (but cf. Persian dāru ‘medicine, gunpower’)	identified by Csaki → no
			капчыгай	gorge
	aŋqau		аңкыгый	(←Csáki)
	tüge-		түгөн-, түгөт-	be enough → be exhausted / exhaust
	aŋ		аң	hole
	tebene		темене	needle (?)
	xuɣurai	хуурай	куурай	dry → dry grass(es) ?
	toɣoɣači	тогооч	токоч		cook → bread ?????
		залга-	жалға- (kaz)	splice → extend
yorığa	yiroğa (??)	жороо	жорго, жорға	ambler
	čimeg	чимег	оймо-чийме	‘decoration, ornament’
	baɣbaqay	багваахай	бақбақ (kaz)	‘bat’ → ‘dandelion’
	qamtu	хамт ‘together with’	qamtı- ‘comprise / consist of’
		оргил ‘peak, summit’	оргул

Csáki's list for Kyrgyz

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning
	abisun (WMo)		abısın	sister in laws
	abura-		abra- (south) ‘be many’	to save, rescue, nurse
	alus	алс	alıs	further
	alisun		alısın	second crop
	alja-		aljı- ‘be wrong’	get tired, exhausted
	angqaɣu		aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’	hard palate
	angɣai-		aŋqıy- / aŋqay-	‘be wide open’
	arča		arča	juniper
	arči-		aarčı-	clean
	asara-		asıra- ‘adopt a child’	protect
	elči (WMo)		elči	envoy
	itelgü		itelgi	falcon
	egejegei (WMo)		ejigey	red curds, dry cheese
	baɣana (WMo)		mamı?	pillar, pole
	baital		baytal	3-yo horse
	baɣatur	баатар	baatır	hero, brave
	baja	баз	baja	brother-in-law
	berket-		bekit- ‘lock’	strengthen
	bilčara-		bıljıra- ‘be slippery’	soften
	begelei		meeley	mittens
	bulanggir(tai)		(buldur?)	dim
	büldürge (WMo)		büldürgö / büldürgü	loop on a whip handle
	boljal		boljol	term
	boro'an	бороо	boroon	snowstorm → storm
	buɣurul		burul	grey
	bosaɣa	босго	bosoğo	threshold
	bödene		bödönö	quail
	börte		börtö	dark chestnut (horse)
	bötege		bötögö	bird innards
	čagaɣan	цагаан	čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’	white → maple
	čabidur		čabdar	yellow horse with white mane and tail
	čečen	цэцэн	čečen ‘orator’	wise → minstrel
	čida-	чад-	čıda-	be able to → put up with
	čilbuɣur		čılbır	chain
	čiray	царай	čıray ‘facial features’	face, appearance, expression
	čeber	цэвэр	чебер ‘prettily made’	nice, good
	čer		чер	illness
	*čöɣüče		čöyčök	small cup (bowl)
	čöregei (WMo)		čürök	loon
	demči (WMo)		demči ‘doctor’?	business man → suitor
	doluɣana (WMo)		dolono	hawthorn
	dönen		dönön	3-4yo stallion
	sar (WMo)		sar, sarı	hawk
	ilɣa-		ılğa-	choose, select → differentiate
	irjayi-		ırjay-	show one's bare teeth
	erke		erke	spoiled, pampered
	erkele-		erkele-	pamper
	jada-	зад-?	jada- / taja-	be exhausted
	yadaɣu		jadoo	worn out
	yalga-		jalğa-	connect, join
	jasaɣul		jasool ‘executive’	guard
	jaɣuči		juuču	suitor
	jüde- (WMo)		jüdö-	be tired, exhausted → be in hard times
	qabirqa	хавирга	qabırğa	rib, side, flank
	qaiči	хайч	qayčı	scissors
	qanjuqa		qanjığa	saddle-thong
	qabturɣa		qapčıq ‘bag’	wallet, pocket, leather sack
	qaragai (WMo)		qarağay	larch, spruce
	qaraŋgui	харанхуй	qaraŋğı	dark
	qaraɣul		qarool	guard, watch
	qarčiqai		qarčığa	falcon
	qariɣu		?qayruu (←qɑyır-)	objection
	kekül	хөхөл	kökül ‘bangs’	horse's forlock
	qiramaɣ (WMo)		qılamıq	powdery snow
	kitad		qıtat ‘black paint’	Chinese silk
	genedte		kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’	suddenly
	kenye (WMo)		kenje	youngest child
	quda		quda	groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives
	quduɣ	худаг	quduq	well
	ɣunajin		qunaajın / qunaayın	3yo female animal
	ɣunan		qunan	3yo stallion
	küren	хүрэн	küröŋ	brown (horse)
	*qonolqa (WMo)		qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’	shelter for the night
	qongɣur		qoŋur	dark brown
	kur		qaraqur	grouse
	kökün		kökürök	breast → chest
	kömegei (WMo)		kömököy	Adam's apple
	makta-	магта-	maqta-	praise
	malaqay	малгай	malaqay	hat
	manglai	манлай	maŋday	forehead
	mata- (WMo)		mata-	bend →/, disturb
	mergen	мэргэн	mergen	marksman
	mese (WMo)		meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’	glutton; sharp, sword
	moqadaq		moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’	stupid
	möče(?)	мөч?	möčö	body part → body
	mültüre-		möltürö-	break loose → get engorged; shine
	moyil		moyul	bird-cherry
	niɣ (WMo)		nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’)	solid
	nökör	нөхөр	nögör	friend → best man
	noqta		noqto	horse halter
	učira-	учр-	učura-	encounter
	onggi		uŋğu	socket for axe handle
	ölke		ölkö ‘country’	sunny side → area
	saɣadaq (WMo)		saadaq	quiver
	saqaɣu (WMo)		saqoo ‘stutterer’	a horse disease, (deaf)
	siläɣüsün	шилүүс	sülöösün	lynx
	siltaɣ(an)		sıltoo	motive
	sirxa-n (WMo)		sırqoo	injury → illness, ailment
	sauqa		sooğa	gift → candy, nice textile
	suli (WMo)		sulu	feather grass → oats
	söɣem	сөөм	sööm	span
	soqor	сохор	soqur	blind
	*solaqai (WMo)		soloğoy	left → left-handed
	šibaɣa(n)		šıbağa	lot
	silükei (WMo)	шүлхий	šilekey	saliva
	šiŋqor	шонхор	šumqar / šuŋqar	falcon
	takim	тахим	taqım	knee cap
	tanglai	тагнай	taŋday	soft palate
	tasam-a (WMo)	тасам	tasma ‘ribbon’	strap
	tomaɣaɣ (WMo)		tomoğo	hawk headgear
	toqum	тохом	toqum	saddle cloth
	toqta-		toqto-	stop
	tögürig (WMo)		tegerek / tögörök	circle
	töle-	төл-	tölö-	pay
	oboɣa (WMo)	овоо	oboo	stone heap → mound
	olja		oljo	loot

Khabtagaeva's list for Kyrgyz

Tuvan words:

• adak 'lower part or mouth of a river'
• aržān 'mineral spring; holy water'
• dalay 'the sea'
• dugay 'bend of a river' ← *tokai
• ižēn 'den, lair' ← *ičēn ← *iči+GAn
• koŋgul 'hollow'
• köndey 'valley' ← *köndei/köŋdei
• xužur 'salt marsh' ← *kujir
• sayïr 'shallow place in river; pebble'
• ūrgay 'cave' ← *ūrkai ← *aɣur+KAi 'mine, shaft; hole, pit; ...'
• agār 'air'
• boydus 'nature' ← *bodis
• čïvar 'cold air' ← *jibar
• dōzun 'dust' ← *tōsun ← *toɣor+sUn ~ OTk. tōz 'dust', toz- 'become dust'
• kāŋ 'drought' ← *gāŋ ← Chinese gān 'dry'
• xayā 'glow; dawn; sunset' ← *xayā ← *qayaɣa 'edge, border; lower part; side walls of yurt; [etc.]'
• xerel 'sunbeam' ← *gerel ← ge+rA+l
• xey 'air, gas; empty; in vain' ← *kei
• salgïn 'wind' ← *salkin
• solaŋgï 'rainbow' ← *soloŋga/solongqa
• šūrɣan 'storm' ← **siɣur-GAn 'blizzard; storm with cold rain'
• tuyā 'glow; radiance' ← **tuyaɣa 'ray, beam, radiance'
• üyer 'flood' ← *üyer ~ OTk. *ögüz 'river'

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Tuvan	Kyrgyz (or other)	meaning
*adaq	*adag	адаг	adak ’lower part or mouth of a river’	—	‘end, finish; extremity’

The oldest cognates

These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).

gloss	Old Turkic	Chuvash	Mongolic	Hungarian	other	reconstruction?	sound correspondences
yellow-brown	yağız		dayir				, , , !
grey	boz		boro/bora		Tung. boroŋ Turk. boz		,
stone	tāş	čul	čilaɣun			*tıla-	, , ,
cow	iŋäk		ünigen		Manchu
male cow	öküz	văkăr	hüker	ökör			, ,
	qoş		qolba-
	bış-/piş-	(piś-?)	bol(ba)-
rabbit	tabışğan		taula-				, ,
copper	yez		dere-				, ,
twins	ikiz	yĕkĕr	ikeri/ikere	iker			, ,
black	qara	xura	qara				!
yellow	sarığ	šură	sira	sárga			!, , ?
red	qızıl	xĕrlĕ					!,
mud,marsh	sāz	śur	?sibar/siro-	sár			, , ?, ?
donkey	äşgäk	ažak?	eljigen		Tung. eyixen		, , ?
self	ȫz		öber/öger				,
other	ȫzkä		öbere/ögere				,
	yǖr		nūr
tear	yaş	śul	nilbu-				, , , ?
young	yaş		jalaɣu/nilqa		Tung. ńalun
write, draw	yaz-	śïr-	jiru-		Tung. niru-
udder	yälin		deleŋ
reed	yēz		dere-
good/upper/superior	yig/yeg		dege-		Tung. deg-/deye-
rope/thread	yip/yıp	śip	dege-
musk	yıpar		jıɣar	gyopár
fist	yudruq		nidurɣa		Tung. nurgan<*nudurgan
heart	yüräk	čəre	jirüken
		ara-?		ír
face	yǖz	śӑvar	düri/?niɣur
young cow	buzağu	păru	biraɣu	borjú	Tung. berū/borē
snow	qār	yur	kira-				!,
~bald	qaşqa		qaljan				, , ?
spoon	qaşuq		qalbuɣa				,
musical instrument	qopuz		Khalkha quur				,
blue/sky	kȫk	kăvak	köke				,
bridge	köprüg		kögürge/kögerge/kegürge
baby animal	köşäk		gölüge/gölige	kölyök/kölök
to swell	köb-e-		köge-		Ewk. kebe-		, !, !
find (out)	tap-	tup-	taɣa-
camel	täbä	tĕve	teme				!
dream	tül/tüş/tüşä-		tölge		Tung. tolgin		, !
tear/grate/etc.	üz-		hürü-		Tung. furu-		, ,
stirrup	üzäŋü	yărana (*üräŋä)	döröge		Tung. durēŋki		,
cattle nose ring	yüzük	śĕr/śĕrĕ	dörö	gyűrű
enemy/war	yağı	śu	dayi-		Tung. dayi-		,
lick	yalğa-	śula-/śəvla	doluɣa-/doliya-		Tung. dalaja-
stick to	yap-		niɣa-		Tung. nabga-		, , !,
leaf	yapurğaq		nabči
flat	yapız		naptaɣar		Tung. naptagā/naptakā, Korean năpčak
settlement	ağıl		ayil
health	sağ	sɨvə	sayi-
warm	yılığ		dulaɣan				, !,
lead	qorğaşin?		qorğaljin
thousand	biŋ/bıŋ	pin	minɣan
man	ēr	ar	ere		Manchu ferxe Orok pero(n)

1. Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
2. Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
3. Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/lj/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
4. Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
5. Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
6. Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
7. Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
8. Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
9. Vowel transposition
10. -(ɣV)n suffix
11. Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
12. Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
13. Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel