Difference between revisions of "Turkic sound changes"

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(→‎proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:)
(added phonologies, copy-pasted from wikipedia)
Line 12: Line 12:
 
* j, di, nʲ > j / #_
 
* j, di, nʲ > j / #_
 
* si > š / #_
 
* si > š / #_
 +
 +
== Old Turkic phonology ==
 +
Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—''a'' /a/, ''e'' /æ/, ''ė'' /e/, ''i'' /i/, ''ï'' /ɯ/, ''o'' /o/, ''ö'' /ø/, ''u'' /u/, ''ü'' /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—''a, e, ï, i''.
 +
 +
The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:
 +
:labial: ''p, v (β), m'';
 +
:dental: ''t, d (δ), n'';
 +
:palatal: ''č, y, ń'';
 +
:velar: ''k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ'';
 +
:sibilant: ''s, š, z'';
 +
:liquid: ''r, l''.
  
 
== proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak: ==
 
== proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak: ==
Line 50: Line 61:
 
* æw > ew
 
* æw > ew
 
* f > w / _]σ
 
* f > w / _]σ
 +
 +
== Kazakh phonology ==
 +
 +
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode"
 +
|+caption | Kazakh consonant phonemes
 +
|-
 +
!
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio]]-<br/>[[labiodental|dental]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post]]-<br/>[[Postalveolar|alveolar]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]/<br/>[[Uvular]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal]]
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Plosive]]s
 +
| '''{{IPA|p}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|b}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| '''{{IPA|t}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|d}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| '''{{IPA|k}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|ɡ}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|m}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|n}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|ŋ}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Fricative]]s
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| {{IPA|(f)}}
 +
| {{IPA|(v)}}
 +
| '''{{IPA|s}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|z}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|ʃ}}'''
 +
| '''{{IPA|ʒ}}'''
 +
| {{IPA|(ɕ)}}
 +
|
 +
| {{IPA|(x)}}
 +
|
 +
| '''{{IPA|h}}'''
 +
|
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Affricates]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| {{IPA|(ʨ)}}
 +
|
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Flap consonant|Tap]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|ɾ}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|- align=center
 +
|[[Approximant]]
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|w}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|j}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|- align=center
 +
| [[Lateral approximant|Lateral<br/>approximants]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="4" | '''{{IPA|l}}'''
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ Kazakh vowel phonemes
 +
!  !!colspan="2"| Front !!colspan="2"| Back
 +
|-
 +
!  !! Unrounded !! Rounded !! Unrounded !! Rounded
 +
|-
 +
! High
 +
| {{IPA|ɪ}}  || {{IPA|ʉ}}  || {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|ʊ}}
 +
|-
 +
! Diphthongal
 +
| {{IPA|i̯ɪ}} || {{IPA|u̯ʉ}} ||          || {{IPA|u̯ʊ}}
 +
|-
 +
! Low
 +
| {{IPA|æ}}  ||            || {{IPA|ɑ}} ||
 +
|}
  
 
== proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz: ==
 
== proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz: ==
Line 69: Line 183:
 
* ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
 
* ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
 
* eg > ig
 
* eg > ig
 +
 +
== Kyrgyz phonology ==
 +
===Vowels===
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 +
!
 +
!colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|front]]
 +
!rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|central]]<sup>1</sup>
 +
!colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|back]]
 +
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
 +
| style="font-size: 90%;"|
 +
!unrounded
 +
!rounded
 +
!unrounded
 +
!rounded
 +
|- style="font-size: 100%;"|
 +
|Close
 +
|и [i]
 +
|ү [y]
 +
|
 +
|ы [{{IPA|ɯ}}]
 +
|у [u] ю [ju]
 +
|-
 +
|mid
 +
|э [e] е [je]
 +
|ө [{{IPA|ø}}]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|о [o] ё [jo]
 +
|-
 +
|open
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|а [ɑ] я [jɑ]
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
===Consonants===
 +
Kirghiz consonant phonemes:
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 +
!
 +
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
 +
![[dental consonant|Dental/<br>alveolar]]
 +
![[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
 +
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 +
![[velar consonant|Velar]]/<br>[[uvular consonant|uvular]]
 +
|-
 +
|plosive
 +
|п  б<br>[p] [b]
 +
|т  д<br>[t] [d]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|к  г<br> [k]/[q] [g]/[{{IPA|ʁ}}]
 +
|-
 +
|nasal
 +
|м<br> [m]
 +
|н<br> [n]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ң<br> [{{IPA|ŋ}}]
 +
|-
 +
|trill
 +
|
 +
|р<br>[r]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|fricative
 +
|(ф)  (в)<br> ([f]) ([v])
 +
|с  з<br> [s] [z]
 +
|ш<br> [{{IPA|ʃ}}]
 +
|
 +
|х<br> [{{IPA|χ}}]
 +
|-
 +
|affricate
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|<br>ч  ж<br> [{{IPA|t​͡ʃ}}] [{{IPA|d​͡ʒ}}]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|approximant
 +
|
 +
|л<br> [l]
 +
|
 +
|й<br> [j]
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
 
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
 
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
 
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]

Revision as of 22:49, 7 May 2007

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

  • ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

  • no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
  • p > ɸ > h
  • lenis/fortis merger
    • g > k
    • d > t
  • j, di, nʲ > j / #_
  • si > š / #_

Old Turkic phonology

Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.

The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:

labial: p, v (β), m;
dental: t, d (δ), n;
palatal: č, y, ń;
velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
sibilant: s, š, z;
liquid: r, l.

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

  • nʲ > j
  • G > K / _#
  • d > t / _#
  • d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
  • V > [-rd] / []σ_
  • b > v / V _
  • v > w
  • gm > mg
  • Vg/b changes:
    • aG > aw
    • ub > uw
    • ɯG > ɯ(? sometimes uː in Kg)
    • oG > uw
    • eb/æb > yj
  • æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
  • d > ð > j / V_
  • øg > øj
  • s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
  • a > æ / _ X V[-back]
  • f > p

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

  • æ > e / #[]σ_
  • mg > ŋb
  • ʃ > s
  • tʃ > ʃ
  • j > dʒ / #_
  • dʒ > ʒ
  • CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
  • h,x > q / σ[_
  • h > ∅ / _]σ
  • ʕ > G
  • K > G / l_
  • ∅ > O / #_{r}
  • æw > ew
  • f > w / _]σ

Kazakh phonology

Kazakh consonant phonemes
Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
Uvular 		Glottal
Plosives p b t d k ɡ
Nasals m n ŋ
Fricatives (f) (v) s z ʃ ʒ (ɕ) (x) h
Affricates (ʨ)
Tap ɾ
Approximant w j
Lateral
approximants 		l
Kazakh vowel phonemes
Front Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
High ɪ ʉ ə ʊ
Diphthongal i̯ɪ u̯ʉ u̯ʊ
Low æ ɑ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

  • jI > I (sometimes?)
  • b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
  • monophthongisation
    • ɯw/uw > uː
    • iw/yw > yː
    • aw > oː
    • ew, æw > øː
  • æ > Aː
  • j > dʒ / #_
  • Vh > Vː
  • h > ∅
  • x > q
  • ʕ > ∅
  • G > ∅ / V_V
  • nj > jn
  • ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
  • eg > ig

Kyrgyz phonology

Vowels

front central1 back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close и [i] ү [y] ы [ɯ] у [u] ю [ju]
mid э [e] е [je] ө [ø] о [o] ё [jo]
open а [ɑ] я [jɑ]

Consonants

Kirghiz consonant phonemes:

Bilabial Dental/
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
uvular
plosive п б
[p] [b] 		т д
[t] [d] 		к г
[k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ]
nasal м
[m] 		н
[n] 		ң
[ŋ]
trill р
[r]
fricative (ф) (в)
([f]) ([v]) 		с з
[s] [z] 		ш
[ʃ] 		х
[χ]
affricate
ч ж
[t​͡ʃ] [d​͡ʒ]
approximant л
[l] 		й
[j]
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