This page's purpose is to collect cognates between Turkic and Mongolic languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing.
"Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.
First part of a list
| Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Old Turkic? |
Kyrgyz |
Kazakh |
classification
|
|
малгай ‘hat’ |
|
малакай ‘men's fur hat without lapel or brim’ |
малақай |
M→T
|
|
шүүлс ‘lynx’ |
|
сүлөөсүн ‘lynx’ |
сілеусін |
M→T
|
|
эр |
|
эр |
|
Altaic?
|
|
тэмдег |
|
тамга |
|
Altaic?
|
|
болд ‘steel’ |
|
болот |
|
|
|
баатар |
|
баатыр |
батыр |
M→T
|
|
алтан |
|
алтын |
алтын |
|
|
цэцэг |
|
|
|
|
|
тунгалаг ‘clear’ |
|
тунук ‘clear’
|
|
мөнх ‘eternal’ |
|
|
мәңгі |
|
|
жаргал |
|
жыргал |
жырғау
|
|
ой ‘mind, intellect’ |
|
ой ‘thought’ |
ой |
|
|
бэлэг ‘gift’ |
|
белек ‘gift’ |
— |
M→T
|
|
тэнгэр |
|
|
|
|
|
зориг |
|
|
чул |
|
|
|
|
|
жимс |
|
жемиш |
жеміс |
T→M
|
|
бал |
|
|
|
|
|
бар ‘tiger’ |
|
барс |
|
|
бух ‘bull’ |
|
бука ‘bull’ |
|
|
гэр-бүл ‘family’ |
|
үй-бүлө ‘family’ |
— |
M→T
|
|
бүр |
|
бир |
бір |
|
|
бүтэн |
|
бүт |
бүтін |
|
|
домог |
|
жомок |
— |
|
|
тани- |
|
тааны- |
таны- |
|
|
эрх |
|
эрк ‘free will’ |
ерік ‘free will’ |
|
|
ээмэг |
|
иймек |
|
T→M
|
|
эсгэ(лэн) |
|
ачы/ачкылт |
|
|
|
шээ- |
|
сий- |
|
|
|
шар |
|
сары |
|
Altaic
|
|
шивнэ- |
|
шыбыра- |
|
|
|
бороо ‘rain’ |
|
бороон ‘storm’ |
|
|
|
бэлтрэг |
|
бөлтүрүк |
|
|
|
мал |
|
мал |
мал |
|
|
ихэр |
|
эгиз |
егіз |
|
|
жил ‘year’ |
|
жыл |
жыл |
Altaic
|
|
илжиг ‘donkey’ |
|
эшек |
есек |
Altaic
|
|
дэл ‘mane’ |
|
жал ‘mane’ |
|
Altaic
|
|
даал? |
|
даалы ‘top of shoulders’ |
M→T
|
|
арга |
|
арга ‘way out (of a problem)’ |
|
M→T?
|
|
ар ‘back’ |
|
арка ‘back’ |
|
|
|
ар ‘back’ |
|
арт ‘back’ |
|
|
|
тамир ‘strength’ |
|
тамыр ‘vein, root’ |
|
|
|
тара- ‘scatter’ |
|
тара-т- ‘scatter’ |
|
|
|
тас ‘vulture’ |
|
таскара ‘vulture’ |
|
|
|
орд(он?) ‘palace’ |
|
ордо ‘palace’ |
орда ‘?’
|
|
орон ‘country/dwelling’ |
|
орун ‘place’ |
орын
|
|
тийм ‘such’ |
|
тим ‘~such’ |
|
|
|
мянга ‘thousand’ |
|
миң |
мың |
Altaic, ..?
|
|
будаа ‘rice’ |
|
буудай ‘wheat’ |
бидай ‘wheat’
|
|
буудай ‘wheat’ |
|
буудай ‘wheat’ |
бидай ‘wheat’
|
|
төл- ‘pay’ |
|
төлө- ‘pay’ |
төле- ‘pay’ |
|
|
төл ‘baby herd animal’ |
|
төл |
|
|
|
|
|
дүлөй ‘deaf’ |
|
|
|
|
|
өйдө ‘up’ |
|
|
|
|
|
каалга ‘door of yurt’ |
— |
|
|
уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’ |
|
унаа ‘transport’ |
|
|
|
саа- ‘milk’ |
|
саа- |
сау- |
ambiguous in Kyrgyz
|
|
саам ‘mare's milk’ |
|
саамал |
|
|
|
саадах ‘quiver’ |
|
саадак |
|
|
|
ширь ‘leather (thin)’ |
|
шири ‘chrome leather’ |
|
|
|
булигаар ‘worked leather’ |
|
булгаары ‘worked leather’ |
|
|
|
|
|
боо ‘string’ |
|
|
| köndelen ‘across’ |
хөндлөн ‘across’ |
|
көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ |
|
|
| buɣura ‘male camel’ |
|
|
буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra |
|
ambiguous in Kyrgyz
|
| budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ |
|
|
ботко ‘porridge’ |
ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ |
|
|
халгай ‘nettle’ |
|
— |
қалақай ‘nettle’ |
M→T
|
|
бэлэн ‘ready’ |
|
белен ‘ready’ |
— |
M→T
|
| xurigan |
хурга ‘lamb’ |
|
козу |
қозы |
Altaic
|
| šatu |
шат ‘stairs’ |
|
шаты ‘stairs’ |
~саты |
T→M
|
|
|
|
чыда- ‘put up with’ |
|
|
тунгалаг |
|
тунук |
|
|
| em-e ‘female’ |
|
|
эм- ‘nurse’ v.i. |
ем- ‘nurse’ v.i. |
?
|
| urtu |
урт ‘long’ |
|
узун ‘long’ |
|
??
|
| xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’ |
хоног |
|
конок ‘guest’ |
қонақ |
|
| xonu- ‘spend the night’ |
хонох |
|
кон- ‘stay the night’ |
|
|
My additions to Csáki's list
Include
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning |
include in paper?
|
| — |
zirɣal |
жаргал |
жыргал |
‘pleasure’ |
yes
|
| — |
… bule |
гэр бүл |
үй бүлө |
‘family’ |
yes
|
| — |
ele |
л |
эле |
‘just/only’ |
yes
|
| — |
domuɣ |
домог |
жомок |
‘fairy tale’ |
yes
|
| — |
belterge |
бэлтрэг |
бөлтүрүк |
‘wolf cub’ |
yes
|
| — |
arɣ-a |
арга |
арга |
‘way out’ |
yes
|
| — |
tas |
тас |
тазкара |
‘vulture’ |
yes
|
| timin? ‘just now’ |
tein/teimy |
тийм |
тим |
‘such’ |
yes
|
| — |
buɣudai |
буудай |
буудай |
‘wheat’ |
yes
|
| — |
unaɣ-a |
уна- ‘falling, driving’ |
унаа ‘means of transportation’ |
|
yes
|
| — |
xural |
хурал |
курултай |
‘meeting’ |
yes
|
| ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’ |
ulus |
улс |
улут |
‘nation’ |
yes
|
| — |
silykei |
шүлхий |
шилекей |
‘saliva’ |
yes
|
| — |
cangɣa- |
цанга- |
(southern) чаңка- |
‘be thirsty’ |
yes
|
| — |
zolbin |
золбин |
жолбун |
‘stray’ |
yes
|
| — |
zegerde |
зээрд |
жээрде |
‘chestnut horse’ |
yes
|
| — |
tos- |
тос- |
тос- |
‘meet, pick up’ |
yes
|
| — |
cana |
цана |
чана |
‘ski, sled’ |
yes
|
| buɣu |
buɣu |
буга |
бугу |
‘deer’ |
yes
|
| — |
xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n) |
хороо |
короо |
~‘corral’ |
yes
|
| uruq(?) ‘rope’ |
urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a) |
урга, уураг, уурга |
укурук |
‘lasso pole’ |
yes
|
| — |
tøry- |
төр- |
төрө- |
‘bear child’ |
yes
|
| (ös-) |
øs- |
өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’ |
өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’ |
‘grow’ |
yes
|
| — |
belen |
бэлэн |
белен |
‘ready’ |
yes
|
| — |
kørsi(n) |
хөрш |
Kazakh көрші |
neighbour |
yes
|
| uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’ |
uruɣ |
ураг ‘relatives by marriage’ |
уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’ |
|
+yes
|
| (rasayan) |
(a)rasijan |
рашаан |
арашан |
‘holy/mineral spring’ |
yes
|
| — |
cuɣ |
цуг |
чогуу |
‘together’ |
yes
|
| yalɣu ‘stupid person’ |
zalxaɣu |
залхуу |
жалкоо |
‘lazy’ |
?yes
|
| — |
ɣolumta |
голомт |
коломто |
‘hearth’ |
yes
|
| — |
xaɣalɣ-a(n) |
хаалга |
каалга |
‘yurt door’ |
yes
|
| örgün, örgin ‘throne’ |
ørgyge(n) |
өргөө |
өргөө |
‘Khan's yurt’ |
yes
|
| — |
bøle/byly |
бүл |
бөлө |
‘progeny of sisters’ |
yes
|
| — |
byky |
бүх |
бүкүл |
‘all, whole, everything’ |
yes
|
| ?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’ |
cakilɣan |
цахилгаан |
чагылган |
‘lightning’ |
yes
|
| mal ‘wealth’ |
mal |
мал |
мал |
‘heard animal’ |
?yes
|
| aɣïl |
ayil |
айл |
айыл |
‘camp, village’ |
yes
|
| — |
alaɣ-a(n) |
алга |
алакан |
‘palm’ |
yes
|
| — |
cida- |
чад- |
чыда- ‘put up with’ |
‘be able to’ |
yes
|
| — |
cimki- |
чимхэ- |
чымчы- |
‘pinch’ |
yes
|
| — |
dalu |
дал |
далы |
‘shoulder’ |
yes
|
| — |
møndyr |
мөндөр |
мөндүр |
‘hail’ |
yes
|
| — |
saɣadaɣ |
саадах |
саадак |
‘quiver’ |
yes
|
| — |
coxu |
цох |
чоку |
‘forehead’ |
yes
|
| — |
darui |
даруй |
дароо |
‘immediately’ |
yes
|
| — |
dylei |
дүлий |
дүлөй |
‘deaf’ |
yes
|
Make a point with, but don't include
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning |
include in paper?
|
| qaɣur- |
xaɣur- |
хуур- |
куур- |
‘fry’ |
+no
|
| tanï- |
tani- |
tani- |
тааны- |
‘know’ |
??
|
| qatïɣ |
xataɣu |
хатуу |
катуу |
‘tough’ |
no+
|
| burčaq |
burcaɣ |
буурцаг |
буурчак |
‘bean, pea’ |
no+
|
| saɣ- |
saɣa- |
саа- |
саа- |
‘milk (v.t.)’ |
no+
|
*Might* be of Mongolian origin
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning |
include in paper?
|
| qalqan |
xalx-a |
халх |
калка(н(ч)) |
shield |
?no
|
| qara-? |
xara- |
хар- |
кара- |
‘look at’ |
?no
|
| ulam ‘always’ |
ulam ‘further’ |
улам ‘still more’ |
улам ‘always; still more’ |
‘always; further’ |
?no
|
| — |
bolud |
болд |
болот |
‘steel’ |
??
|
| — |
tungɣalaɣ |
тунгалаг |
тунук |
‘clear’ |
?
|
| — |
cimeg |
чимэг |
чийме |
‘decoration’ |
?
|
| — |
zang |
зан |
Kazakh заң ‘law’ |
‘nature of, customs’ |
no?
|
| qoŋqiu/quŋqau |
xongxu |
хонх |
коңгуроо |
‘bell’ |
?
|
| baɣïrsa-? |
boɣursuɣ? |
боорцог |
боорсок |
‘fried dough’ |
?no
|
| botu |
botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n) |
ботго |
бото |
‘baby camel’ |
?no
|
|
|
цог |
чок (Kz. шоқ) |
ember |
|
Don't Include
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning |
include in paper?
|
| bütün |
bytyn |
бүтэн |
бүтүн, бүт |
‘entire’ |
no
|
| bütgü, bütkü |
bykyli |
бүхэл |
бү(т)күл |
‘entire’ |
no
|
| bat |
batu |
бат |
бат |
‘strong, fast’ |
no
|
| mengü |
møngke |
мөнх |
мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’) |
‘eternal’ |
no
|
| beläk |
beleg |
бэлэг |
белек |
‘gift’ |
no
|
| tamïr |
tamir |
тамир ‘bodily strength’ |
тамир ‘vein, stem’ |
‘vein; strength’ |
no
|
| tara- |
tara- |
тара- |
тарат- |
‘scatter (v.t.)’ |
no
|
| arpa |
arbai |
арвай |
арпа |
‘barley’ |
no
|
| meŋ |
mengge |
мэнгэ |
мэң |
‘mole (facial feature)’ |
no
|
| tegirmän |
tegerm-e |
тээрэм |
тэгирмен |
‘mill’ |
no
|
| — |
siɣazaɣai |
шаазгай |
сагызган |
‘magpie’ (onom.) |
no
|
| bölük |
bylyg |
бүлэг |
бөлүк |
‘section, division’ |
no
|
| tōr |
— |
тор |
тор |
‘wire, gate, net’ |
no
|
| tajaq |
tajaɣ |
таяг |
таяк |
‘stick’ |
no
|
| öŋ |
øngge(n) |
өнгө |
өң |
‘colour’ |
no
|
| čöl-lig/čöl-gi |
cøl |
цөл |
чөл |
‘desert’ |
no
|
| teg |
tig |
тэг |
тик |
‘straight up, piont; like’ |
no
|
| tekä |
teke |
тэх |
теке |
‘male goat’ |
no
|
| sid- |
sige- |
шээ- |
сий- |
‘urinate’ |
no
|
| kölük |
kølge(n) |
хөлөг |
Kazakh көлік |
‘transport, vehicle’ |
no
|
| ay+la-? |
ajala- |
аял- ‘travel’ |
айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’ |
‘turn around’ |
no
|
| čïn |
ching |
чин |
чын |
‘true’ ← Chinese |
no
|
| töl |
töl |
төл |
төл |
‘baby herd animal’ |
no
|
| učra-? |
ucir |
учир ‘reason’ |
учур ‘moment, period’ |
? |
no
|
| salqïm |
salki(n) |
салхи ‘wind’ |
салкын ‘cool’ |
wind, windy |
no
|
| qurɣaq |
xuɣurai |
хуурай |
кургак |
‘dry’ |
no
|
| yaqa |
zax-a |
зах |
жака |
‘collar’ |
no
|
| saqal |
saxal |
сахал |
сакал |
‘facial hair, beard’ |
no
|
| körk+ |
køgerken |
хөөрхөн |
көркөм |
‘good-looking’ |
no
|
| bulaq |
bulaɣ |
булаг |
булак |
‘spring’ |
no
|
| —? |
—? |
оромог |
оромо |
‘wrapped steamed pastry’ |
no
|
| qurč |
xurca |
хурц |
курч |
‘sharp’ |
no
|
| — |
— |
— |
оро- |
‘wrap’ |
no
|
| — |
?bylteger+ken |
?бүлтгэр-хэн |
бүлдүркөн |
‘blackberry’ |
no
|
| qïraɣu |
kiraɣu |
хяруу |
кыроо |
‘hoarfrost’ |
no
|
| orun |
orun |
орон |
орун |
‘place’ |
no
|
| tölä- |
tøly- |
төл- |
төлө- |
‘pay’ |
no
|
| bel |
bel |
бэл |
бел |
‘waist’ |
no
|
| yoluq- |
zoluɣa- |
золго- |
жолук- |
‘meet’ |
no
|
Need to sort
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning |
include in paper?
|
|
|
хулан |
кулан |
onager |
no
|
|
|
булчин |
булчуң |
muscle |
yes
|
|
|
бөх |
бек |
strong |
no
|
|
|
дАА |
да |
modal particle |
yes
|
|
|
багш |
бакшы |
teacher, witch doctor |
yes
|
|
|
давс |
туз |
salt |
no
|
|
|
эдгэ- |
айык- |
get better (v.i.) |
??
|
|
|
төр |
төр |
minister (political)
|
|
|
бяруу |
музоо |
calf |
no
|
|
|
бэлэн |
белен |
ready
|
|
|
эм |
эм |
medicine |
no
|
|
|
хэрээс ‘criss-cross’ |
кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’ |
|
|
Csáki's list for Kyrgyz
| Old Turkic |
Classical Mongolian |
Khalkha |
Kyrgyz (or other) |
meaning
|
|
abisun (WMo) |
|
abısın |
sister in laws
|
|
abura- |
|
abra- (south) ‘be many’ |
to save, rescue, nurse
|
|
alus |
|
alıs |
further
|
|
alisun |
|
alısın |
second crop
|
|
alja- |
|
aljı- ‘be wrong’ |
get tired, exhausted
|
|
angqaɣu |
|
aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’ |
hard palate
|
|
angɣai- |
|
aŋqıy- / aŋqay- |
‘be wide open’
|
|
arča |
|
arča |
juniper
|
|
arči- |
|
aarčı- |
clean
|
|
asara- |
|
asıra- ‘adopt a child’ |
protect
|
|
elči (WMo) |
|
elči |
envoy
|
|
itelgü |
|
itelgi |
falcon
|
|
egejegei (WMo) |
|
ejigey |
red curds, dry cheese
|
|
baɣana (WMo) |
|
mamı? |
pillar, pole
|
|
baital |
|
baytal |
3-yo horse
|
|
baɣatur |
|
baatır |
hero, brave
|
|
baja |
|
baja |
brother-in-law
|
|
berket- |
|
bekit- ‘lock’ |
strengthen
|
|
bilčara- |
|
bıljıra- ‘be slippery’ |
soften
|
|
begelei |
|
meeley |
mittens
|
|
bulanggir(tai) |
|
(buldur?) |
dim
|
|
büldürge (WMo) |
|
büldürgö / büldürgü |
loop on a whip handle
|
|
boljal |
|
boljol |
term
|
|
boro'an |
бороо |
boroon |
snowstorm → storm
|
|
buɣurul |
|
burul |
grey
|
|
bosaɣa |
босго |
bosoğo |
threshold
|
|
bödene |
|
bödönö |
quail
|
|
börte |
|
börtö |
dark chestnut (horse)
|
|
bötege |
|
bötögö |
bird innards
|
|
čagaɣan |
|
čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’ |
white → maple
|
|
čabidur |
|
čabdar |
yellow horse with white mane and tail
|
|
čečen |
|
čečen ‘orator’ |
wise → minstrel
|
|
čida- |
чад- |
čıda- |
be able to → put up with
|
|
čilbuɣur |
|
čılbır |
chain
|
|
čiray |
|
čıray ‘facial features’ |
face, appearance, expression
|
|
čeber |
цэвэр |
чебер ‘prettily made’ |
nice, good
|
|
čer |
|
чер |
illness
|
|
*čöɣüče |
|
čöyčök |
small cup
|
|
čöregei (WMo) |
|
čürök |
loon
|
|
demči (WMo) |
|
demči ‘doctor’? |
business man → suitor
|
|
doluɣana (WMo) |
|
dolono |
hawthorn
|
|
dönen |
|
dönön |
3-4yo stallion
|
|
sar (WMo) |
|
sar, sarı |
hawk
|
|
ilɣa- |
|
ılğa- |
choose, select → differentiate
|
|
irjayi- |
|
ırjay- |
show one's bare teeth
|
|
erke |
|
erke |
spoiled, pampered
|
|
erkele- |
|
erkele- |
pamper
|
|
jada- |
|
jada- / taja- |
be exhausted
|
|
yadaɣu |
|
jadoo |
worn out
|
|
yalga- |
|
jalğa- |
connect, join
|
|
jasaɣul |
|
jasool ‘executive’ |
guard
|
|
jaɣuči |
|
juuču |
suitor
|
|
jüde- (WMo) |
|
jüdö- |
be tired, exhausted → be in hard times
|
|
qabirqa |
|
qabırğa |
rib, side, flank
|
|
qaiči |
|
qayčı |
scissors
|
|
qanjuqa |
|
qanjığa |
saddle-thong
|
|
qabturɣa |
|
qapčıq ‘bag’ |
wallet, pocket, leather sack
|
|
qaragai (WMo) |
|
qarağay |
larch, spruce
|
|
qaraŋgui |
харанхуй |
qaraŋğı |
dark
|
|
qaraɣul |
|
qarool |
guard, watch
|
|
qarčiqai |
|
qarčığa |
falcon
|
|
qariɣu |
|
?qayruu (←qɑyır-) |
objection
|
|
kekül |
|
kökül ‘bangs’ |
horse's forlock
|
|
qiramaɣ (WMo) |
|
qılamıq |
powdery snow
|
|
kitad |
|
qıtat ‘black paint’ |
Chinese silk
|
|
genedte |
|
kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’ |
suddenly
|
|
kenye (WMo) |
|
kenje |
youngest child
|
|
quda |
|
quda |
groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives
|
|
quduɣ |
|
quduq |
well
|
|
ɣunajin |
|
qunaajın / qunaayın |
3yo female animal
|
|
ɣunan |
|
qunan |
3yo stallion
|
|
küren |
|
küröŋ |
brown (horse)
|
|
*qonolqa (WMo) |
|
qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ |
shelter for the night
|
|
qongɣur |
|
qoŋur |
dark brown
|
|
kur |
|
qaraqur |
grouse
|
|
kökün |
|
kökürök |
breast → chest
|
|
kömegei (WMo) |
|
kömököy |
Adam's apple
|
|
makta- |
магта- |
maqta- |
praise
|
|
malaqay |
малгай |
malaqay |
hat
|
|
manglai |
манлай |
maŋday |
forehead
|
|
mata- (WMo) |
|
mata- |
bend →/, disturb
|
|
mergen |
мэргэн |
mergen |
marksman
|
|
mese (WMo) |
|
meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’ |
glutton; sharp, sword
|
|
moqadaq |
|
moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’ |
stupid
|
|
möče(?) |
|
möčö |
body part → body
|
|
mültüre- |
|
möltürö- |
break loose → get engorged; shine
|
|
moyil |
|
moyul |
bird-cherry
|
|
niɣ (WMo) |
|
nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’) |
solid
|
|
nökör |
нөхөр |
nögör |
friend → best man
|
|
noqta |
|
noqto |
horse halter
|
|
učira- |
|
učura- |
encounter
|
|
onggi |
|
uŋğu |
socket for axe handle
|
|
ölke |
|
ölkö ‘country’ |
sunny side → area
|
|
saɣadaq (WMo) |
|
saadaq |
quiver
|
|
saqaɣu (WMo) |
|
saqoo ‘stutterer’ |
a horse disease, (deaf)
|
|
siläɣüsün |
шилүүс |
sülöösün |
lynx
|
|
siltaɣ(an) |
|
sıltoo |
motive
|
|
sirxa-n (WMo) |
|
sırqoo |
injury → illness, ailment
|
|
sauqa |
|
sooğa |
gift → candy, nice textile
|
|
suli (WMo) |
|
sulu |
feather grass → oats
|
|
söɣem |
сөөм |
sööm |
span
|
|
soqor |
сохор |
soqur |
blind
|
|
*solaqai (WMo) |
|
soloğoy |
left → left-handed
|
|
šibaɣa(n) |
|
šıbağa |
lot
|
|
silükei (WMo) |
|
šilekey |
saliva
|
|
šiŋqor |
шонхор |
šumqar / šuŋqar |
falcon
|
|
takim |
тахим |
taqım |
knee cap
|
|
tanglai |
тагнай |
taŋday |
soft palate
|
|
tasam-a (WMo) |
тасам |
tasma ‘ribbon’ |
strap
|
|
tomaɣaɣ (WMo) |
|
tomoğo |
hawk headgear
|
|
toqum |
тохом |
toqum |
saddle cloth
|
|
toqta- |
|
toqto- |
stop
|
|
tögürig (WMo) |
|
tegerek / tögörök |
circle
|
|
töle- |
төл- |
tölö- |
pay
|
|
oboɣa (WMo) |
овоо |
oboo |
stone heap → mound
|
|
olja |
|
oljo |
loot
|
The oldest cognates
These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).
| gloss |
Old Turkic |
Chuvash |
Mongolic |
Hungarian |
other |
reconstruction? |
sound correspondences
|
| yellow-brown |
yağız |
|
dayir |
|
|
|
[1], [2], [3], ![4]
|
| grey |
boz |
|
boro/bora |
|
Tung. boroŋ Turk. boz |
|
[3], [5]
|
| stone |
tāş |
čul |
čilaɣun |
|
|
*tıla- |
[5], [6], [4], [7]
|
| cow |
öküz |
văkăr |
hüker |
ökör |
|
|
[3], [8], [9]
|
|
qoş |
|
qolba- |
|
|
|
[10]
|
|
bış |
|
bol(ba)- |
|
|
|
[10]
|
| rabbit |
tabışğan |
|
taula- |
|
|
|
[10], [7], [11]
|
| copper |
yez |
|
dere- |
|
|
|
[1], [3], [5]
|
| twins |
ikiz |
yĕkĕr |
ikeri/ikere |
iker |
|
|
[3], [5], [9]
|
| black |
qara |
xura |
qara |
|
|
|
![3]
|
| yellow |
sarığ |
šură |
sira |
sárga |
|
|
![3], [4], [11]?
|
| red |
qızıl |
xĕrlĕ |
|
|
|
|
![10], [3]
|
| mud,marsh |
sāz |
śur |
?sibar/siro- |
sár |
|
|
[3], [5], [9]?, [4]? [12]
|
| donkey |
äşgäk |
ažak? |
eljigen |
|
Tung. eyixen |
|
[10], [7], [11]?
|
| self |
ȫz |
|
öber/öger |
|
|
|
[3], [12]
|
| other |
ȫzkä |
|
öbere/ögere |
|
|
|
[3], [12]
|
|
yǖr |
|
nūr |
|
| tear |
yaş |
śul |
nilbu- |
|
|
|
[1], [10], [5], [4]?
|
| young |
yaş |
|
jalaɣu/nilqa |
|
Tung. ńalun |
|
[1]
|
| write, draw |
yaz- |
śïr- |
jiru- |
|
Tung. niru-
|
| udder |
yälin |
|
deleŋ
|
| reed |
yēz |
|
dere- |
|
| good/upper/superior |
yig/yeg |
|
dege- |
|
Tung. deg-/deye-
|
| rope/thread |
yip/yıp |
śip |
dege-
|
| musk |
yıpar |
|
jıɣar |
gyopár
|
| fist |
yudruq |
|
nidurɣa |
|
Tung. nurgan<*nudurgan
|
| heart |
yüräk |
čəre |
jirüken |
|
|
|
ara-? |
|
ír
|
| face |
yǖz |
śӑvar |
düri/?niɣur |
|
| young cow |
buzağu |
păru |
biraɣu |
borjú |
Tung. berū/borē
|
| snow |
qār |
yur |
kira- |
|
|
|
![9], [4]
|
| ~bald |
qaşqa |
|
qaljan |
|
|
|
[10], [7], [11]?
|
| spoon |
qaşuq |
|
qalbuɣa |
|
|
|
[10], [5]
|
| musical instrument |
qopuz |
|
Khalkha quur |
|
|
|
[13], [3]
|
| blue/sky |
kȫk |
kăvak |
köke |
|
|
|
[9], [5]
|
| bridge |
köprüg |
|
kögürge/kögerge/kegürge |
|
|
|
[14]
|
| baby animal |
köşäk |
|
gölüge/gölige |
kölyök/kölök
|
| to swell |
köb-e- |
|
köge- |
|
Ewk. kebe- |
|
[14], ![13], ![12]
|
| find (out) |
tap- |
tup- |
taɣa- |
|
|
|
[14]
|
| camel |
täbä |
tĕve |
teme |
|
|
|
![14]
|
| dream |
tül/tüş/tüşä- |
|
tölge |
|
Tung. tolgin |
|
[10], ![11]
|
| tear/grate/etc. |
üz- |
|
hürü- |
|
Tung. furu- |
|
[8], [3], [5]
|
| stirrup |
üzäŋü |
yărana (*üräŋä) |
döröge |
|
Tung. durēŋki |
|
[1], [3]
|
| cattle nose ring |
yüzük |
śĕr/śĕrĕ |
dörö |
gyűrű |
|
|
[1]
|
| enemy/war |
yağı |
śu |
dayi- |
|
Tung. dayi- |
|
[1], [2]
|
| lick |
yalğa- |
śula-/śəvla |
doluɣa-/doliya- |
|
Tung. dalaja- |
|
[1]
|
| stick to |
yap- |
|
niɣa- |
|
Tung. nabga- |
|
[1], [14], ![11], [4]
|
| leaf |
yapurğaq |
|
nabči |
|
| flat |
yapız |
|
naptaɣar |
|
Tung. naptagā/naptakā, Korean năpčak
|
| settlement |
ağıl |
|
ayil |
|
|
|
[2]
|
| health |
sağ |
sɨvə |
sayi- |
|
|
|
[2]
|
| warm |
yılığ |
|
dulaɣan |
|
|
|
[1], ![2], [7]
|
| lead |
qorğaşin? |
|
qorğaljin |
|
|
|
[10]
|
- Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/lj/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- Vowel transposition
- -(ɣV)n suffix
- Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
