Mongolic words in Kazakh and Kyrgyz

The purpose of this page is to collect words in modern Turkic languages that are of Mongolic origin. Any Turkic word that appears to be cognate to a Mongolic word should only be included in this list if it does not have a phonological equivalent in pre-13th-century Turkic. Words that do not clearly meet these criteria should be gathered as Turkic-Mongolic cognates until their history can be investigated further.

When a cognate doesn't exist in a certain language, "—" is used. When a word is similar to a Mongolic origin word, but is either not from Mongolic or is morphologically divergent, it is put in italics.

Old Turkic	Classical Mongolian	Khalkha	Modern Turkic languages					general gloss	notes	previous sources
			kir	kaz	tat	bak	tur			Csáki	Khabtagaeva
	zirɣa-	жарга-	жырга-	жырға-				‘enjoy’
—	zirɣal	жаргал	жыргал	жырғау				‘enjoyment, pleasure’
—	… bule	гэр бүл ‘family’	үй бүлө ‘family’	—
—	ele	л	эле	—				‘just/only’
—	belterge	бэлтрэг	бөлтүрүк	бөлтірік				‘wolf cub’
—	arɣ-a	арга	арга	—?				‘way out’
—	tas	тас	тазкара					‘vulture’
timin? ‘just now’	tein/teimy	тийм ‘such; thus’	тим ‘quietly’, тим эле ‘just because’	тым ‘extremely’				‘such’
—	buɣudai	буудай	буудай	бидай (?)				‘wheat’
—	unuɣa	унаа ‘mounted livestock’	унаа ‘mounted livestock → means of transportation’	—?
—	xural	хурал	курултай	құрылтай				‘meeting’
ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’	ulus	улс	улут	ұлт				‘nation’
—	cangɣa-	цанга-	(southern) чаңка-	—?				‘be thirsty’
—	zolbin	золбин	жолбун	—?				‘stray’
—	zegerde	зээрд	жээрде	—?				‘chestnut horse’
—	tos-	тос-	тос-	тос-				‘receive, encounter’ → ‘meet, pick up, catch’
—	cana	цана	чана	шана				‘ski, sled’
buɣu	buɣu	буга	бугу	бұғы				‘deer’	should be 'buu' in Khalkha and Kyrgyz?
—	xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n)	хороо	короо	қора				~‘corral, yard’
—	tøry-	төр-	төрө-	—				‘bear child’
(ös-)	øs-	өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’	өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’	өс- ‘"’				‘grow’
(qara-)	qara-	хар-	кара-	қара-				‘look at, watch’
—	belen	бэлэн	белен	—?				‘ready’
—	kørsi(n)	хөрш	—	көрші				neighbour	of ultimate Turkic origin?
uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’	uruɣ	ураг ‘relatives by marriage’	уруу ‘tribe’						+yes
			урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’
(rasayan)	(a)rasijan	рашаан	арашан					‘holy/mineral spring’	from Sanskrit originally
—	cuɣ	цуг	чогуу				çok??	‘together’
yalɣu ‘stupid person’	zalxaɣu	залхуу	жалкоо	жалқау				‘lazy’	?
—	ɣolumta	голомт	коломто	қоламта - ‘hot ashes’				‘hearth’
—	xaɣalɣ-a(n)	хаалга	каалга	—?				‘yurt door’
örgün, örgin ‘throne’	ørgyge(n)	өргөө	өргөө					‘Khan's yurt’/‘palace’	could be of Turkic origin
—	bøle/byly	бүл	бөлө	бөле				‘progeny of sisters’
—	byky	бүх	бүкүл	бүкіл				‘all, whole, everything’
?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’	cakilɣan	цахилгаан ‘electricity’	чагылган					‘lightning’
mal ‘wealth’	mal	мал	мал	мал			mal ‘goods’	‘heard animal’	"of Arabic origin"
aɣïl	ayil	айл	айыл	(ауыл)				‘camp, village’	(indistinguishable)
—	alaɣ-a(n)	алга	алакан	алақан			el	‘palm’
—	cimki-	чимхэ-	чымчы-	шымшы-			çimdik	‘pinch’
—	dalu	дал	далы					‘shoulder’
—	møndyr	мөндөр	мөндүр					‘hail’
—	coxu	цох	чоку	шоқы ‘mountain top’				‘forehead’
—	darui	даруй	дароо	дереу				‘immediately’	cf. Tajik "даррав"
—	dylei	дүлий	дүлөй	дүлей				‘deaf’
	talxan	талх ‘bread’	талкан ‘ground grain / meal’					‘bread, meal’
	?daqin		дагы ‘more, still’	тағы ‘more, still’	тагын
	tala	тал	талаа	дала				‘steppe, field’
		сонин ‘news, interesting’	сонун ‘awesome’
		сонирхо- ‘be interested in’	сонурка- ‘be amazed’	сонырқа- ‘be amazed/amused; find new pasture’
—?		төл	төл	төл				‘baby herd animal’
		бүрхэх	бүркөк	—				‘overcast’
	hoimasun (MMo)	оё-/оёмол	оймо					‘sewn/patterned felt’
	jasa-	зас-	жаса-	жаса-				‘construct, arrange’ → ‘make’
		багш ‘teacher’	бакшы	бақсы				~‘shaman’
		булчин	булчуң	бұлшық?			—	‘muscle’
	čuqul/čiqula	чухал/цухал ‘important’/‘fury’	чукул ‘urgent’	шұғыл ‘urgent				‘important’
tiŋ	cing ‘healthy’		чың					‘healthy’
	siri	шир	шири	сірі				‘leather’			yes
	siri-	шир-	шыры-	сыр-				‘quilt (v.)’
	čoči-/soči-	цоч- (цочир-)	чочу- (чочут-)	шошы- (шошыт-)				‘be startled (startle)’
	inaɣ		ынак					‘favourite’			yes
	tobči	товч	топчу	топшы				‘button’
	tulɣa	тулга	тулга					‘support for qazan’
	siber	шивэр	шибер					‘thicket’ → ‘tall grass’
	büligen/büliyen	бүлээн ‘warm (of liquids)’	мелүүн - ‘warm (of air)’					‘warm’
čav (MTk)	čuu (WMo)	цуу	чуу	шу				‘noise’ → ‘ruckus’
	mølzi-	мөлж-	мүлжү-	мүжі-				‘gnaw, pick clean’
	sibyge(n)	шөвөг	шибеге					‘awl’
	sigyder(i)	шүүдэр	шүүдүрүм	—				‘dew’
		дАА	да					modal particle
		-ч/-ж	-чУ	—				verb suffix
		-AɣU	-(U)U	-(I)w				verb suffix
	čarča-	царц-	чарча- ‘tire’	шарша- ‘tire’				‘freeze’
	quda-ɣai	—	кудагый	құдағи/құдағай				‘mothers of married couple’
	sirü	шүр	шуру	—?				‘coral, bead’			yes
	čičarɣana	чацаргана	чычырканак	шырғанақ				‘sea-buckthorn’
		нарийн ‘thin; refined’	нарын ‘dish made of finely chopped meat; river (and valley, city) name’	нарын
	ingen	ингэ	иңген	іңген				‘mature female camel’
*teben	tebene (WMo)	тэвнэ	темене ‘sackcloth needle’	(тебен)				‘large thick needle’			yes
		бод мал	бодо мал					‘heavy livestock’
	čuɣla-	цугл-	чогул-	шоғыл-				‘get together’
	čiɣul(a)-	чуул-	чогул-	шоғыл-				‘assemble, convene’
	sirideg	ширдэг	шырдак					‘felt rug’
	ögede	өөд	өйдө	—				‘upwards’
toqu- ‘beat’ → ‘weave’?	toqu- ‘saddle (v.)’	тох- ‘put over; saddle’	току- ‘saddle (v.)’, (‘knit, crochet’')	(тоқы- ‘knit, crochet’)				‘saddle (v.)’
	dönejin	дөнж	—	дөнежін				‘four-year-old female livestock’
	sigira (WMo) ‘hoof’	шийр ‘shank’	шыйрак ‘shank’	(ширақ ‘nimble, dextrous, vivacious’?)
	abisun (WMo)		абысын	абысын				‘sister in laws’		yes
	abura-		abra- (south) ‘be many’					to save, rescue, nurse		yes
	alus	алс	алыс	алыс			—	far		yes
	alisun		alısın	алсын ‘aftergrass’				second crop		yes
	alja-		aljı- ‘be wrong’					get tired, exhausted		yes
	angqaɣu		aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’					hard palate		yes
	angɣai-		aŋqıy- / aŋqay-					‘be wide open’		yes
	arča		арча	арша				juniper		yes
	arči-		аарчы-	аршы-				wipe (clean)		yes
	asara-		asıra- ‘adopt a child’					protect		yes
	elči (WMo)		элчи	елші				envoy	of ultimate Turkic origin?	yes
	itelgü		itelgi	ителгі ‘falcon (балобан)’				falcon		yes
	egejegei (WMo)		ejigey					red curds, dry cheese		yes
	baɣana (WMo)		бакан	бағана				pillar, pole		yes
	baital		baytal					3-yo horse		yes
	baɣatur	баатар	баатыр	батыр(?)				hero, brave		yes
	baja	баз	бажа	бажа				brother-in-law		yes
	bilčara-		bıljıra- ‘be slippery’					soften		yes
	begelei	бээлий	meeley	bıyalay (dial.)				mittens, gloves		yes
	bulanggir(tai)		(buldur?)					dim		yes
	büldürge (WMo)		büldürgö / büldürgü					loop on a whip handle		yes
	boljal		boljol					term		yes
	boro'an	бороо ‘rain’	бороон ‘storm’	боран ‘storm’				snowstorm		yes
	buɣurul	буурал	буурул	бурыл				‘grey’		yes
	bosaɣa	босго	босого	босаға				‘threshold’		yes
	bödene		bödönö					‘quail’		yes
	börte		börtö					‘dark chestnut (horse)’		yes
	bötege		bötögö					‘bird innards’		yes
	čagaɣan	цагаан	čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’					white → maple		yes
	čabidur		čabdar					‘yellow horse with white mane and tail’		yes
	čečen	цэцэн	čečen ‘orator’					wise → minstrel		yes
—	čida-	чад-	чыда- ‘put up with’	шыда- ‘"’				‘be able to’		yes
	čilbuɣur		čılbır					chain		yes
	čiray	царай	чырай ‘facial features’	шырай				face, appearance, expression		yes
	čeber	цэвэр	чебер ‘prettily made’					nice, good		yes
	čer		чер					illness		yes
	*čöɣüče		чөйчөк ‘bowl’					small cup (bowl)		yes
	čöregei (WMo)		čürök					loon		yes
	demči (WMo)		demči ‘doctor’?					business man → suitor		yes
	doluɣana (WMo)	долоогоно (borrowed from WMo?)	долоно	долана				hawthorn		yes
	dönen	дөнө	дөнөн	дөнен				3-4yo stallion		yes
	sar (WMo)		sar, sarı					hawk		yes
	ilɣa-		ılğa-					choose, select → differentiate		yes
	irjayi-		ırjay-					show one's bare teeth		yes
	erke		эрке	ерке				spoiled, pampered		yes
	erkele-		эркеле-	еркеле-				pamper		yes
	yada-	яд- ‘be unable; be/get exhausted’	жада- ‘be fed up with’ / тажа- ‘be fed up with’	жада- ‘be/get exhausted’				‘be unable’ → ‘be/get exhausted’ / ‘be/get fed up with’		yes
	yadaɣu		jadoo					worn out		yes
	jalɣa-	залг-	жалга-	жалга-				connect, join		yes
	jasaɣul		jasool ‘executive’					guard		yes
	jaɣuči ‘match-maker, intermediary’	зууч ‘match-maker, intermediary, agent’	жуучу ‘representative or family member representing young man in match-making visit’	жаушы ‘courier’	яучы ‘match-maker’			‘match-maker intermediary’		yes
	jüde- (WMo)		jüdö-					be tired, exhausted → be in hard times		yes
	qabirqa	хавирга	кабырга ‘rib’	қабырға ‘wall’				rib, side, flank		yes
	qaiči	хайч	кайчы	қайшы				scissors		yes
	qanjuqa		канжыга	қанжыға				‘game strap’		yes
	qabturɣa		qapčıq ‘bag’					wallet, pocket, leather sack		yes
	qaragai (WMo)		qarağay					larch, spruce		yes
	qaraŋgui	харанхуй	караңгы	қараңғы				dark		yes
	qaraɣul		qarool	qarawıl	qarawıl			guard, watch		yes
	qarčiqai		qarčığa					falcon		yes
	qariɣu		?qayruu (←qɑyır-)					objection		yes
	kekül	хөхөл	көкүл ‘bangs’				kâkül	horse's forlock		yes
	qiramaɣ (WMo)		qılamıq					powdery snow		yes
	kitad		qıtat ‘black paint’					Chinese silk		yes
	genedte		kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’		kinät, kinättän			suddenly		yes
	kenye (WMo)		кенже					youngest child		yes
	quda		куда	құда	кода			groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives		yes
	quduɣ	худаг	кудук	құдық				well	of ultimate Turkic origin	yes
	ɣunajin	гунж	кунаажын / кунаайын					3yo female animal		yes
	ɣunan	гуна	qunan					3yo stallion		yes
	küren	хүрэн	күрөң	күрең				brown (horse)		yes
	qongɣur		коңур	қоңыр				dark brown		yes
	kur		qaraqur					grouse		yes
	kömegei (WMo)	хөөмий ‘throat singing’	көмөкөй ‘uvula’					Adam's apple		yes
	maɣta-	магт-	макта-	мақта-				praise		yes
	malaqay	малгай	малакай	малақай				(men's) hat		yes
	manglai	манлай	маңдай	маңдай				forehead		yes
	mata- (WMo)		mata-					bend →/, disturb		yes
	mergen	мэргэн	мерген	мерген				marksman		yes
	mese (WMo)		meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’					glutton; sharp, sword		yes
	moqadaq		moqo- ‘make dull’; мокок ‘dull’	моқал				stupid → dull		yes
	möče/möči	мөч	мүчө ‘body part, member’	мүше				limb → body part, member		yes
	mültüre-		möltürö-					break loose → get engorged; shine		yes
	moyil	мойл	moyul					bird-cherry		yes
	naɣaču			нағашы		нағас(ы?)		‘male relative on mother's side’	yes
	niɣ (WMo)		nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’)					solid		yes
	nökör	нөхөр	nökör					friend → servant of khan		yes
	noɣta	ногт	нокто	ноқта				‘halter’		yes
	učira-	учр-	учура-					encounter		yes
	onggi		уңгу ‘, stem/root (of word)’					socket for axe handle		yes
	ölke		өлкө ‘country’	өлке ‘region’			ülke ‘country’	sunny side → area		yes
	saɣadaq/saɣadaɣ (WMo)	саадах	саадак	садақ				quiver		yes
	saqaɣu (WMo)		saqoo ‘stutterer’	сақау ‘mute’				a horse disease, (deaf)		yes
	siläɣüsün	шилүүс	сүлөөсүн	сілеусін				lynx		yes
	siltaɣ(an)		шылтоо					motive, excuse?		yes
	sirxa-n (WMo)		sırqoo					injury → illness, ailment		yes
	sauqa		sooğa					gift → candy, nice textile		yes
	suli (WMo)		сулу	сұлы				feather grass → oats		yes
	söɣem	сөөм	sööm, сөөмөй ‘index finger’					span		yes
	soqor	сохор	сокур	соқыр				blind		yes
	*solaqai (WMo)		soloğoy					left → left-handed		yes
	šibaɣa(n)		šıbağa					lot		yes
	silykei/silükei (WMo)	шүлхий	шилекей	сілекей				saliva		yes
	šiŋqor	шонхор	šumqar / šuŋqar	сұңқар				falcon		yes
	takim	тахим	taqım					knee cap		yes
	tanglai	тагнай	таңдай	таңдай/таңлай				soft palate		yes
	tasam-a (WMo)	тасам	тасма ‘ribbon’					strap		yes
	tomaɣaɣ (WMo)		томого	томаға				hawk headgear		yes
	toqum	тохом	токум	тоқым	tuqım	tuqım		saddle cloth		yes
	toɣta-	тогт-	токто-	тоқта-	тукта-			stop		yes
	tögürig (WMo)		тегерек / төгөрөк					circle		yes
	oboɣa (WMo)	овоо	обоо	оба				stone heap → mound		yes
	olja		oljo	олжа				loot		yes
!yomaq ‘legend’	domuɣ	домог	жомок					‘fairy tale’	prob. not from Mongol	yes
berkit-	berket-		бекит- ‘lock’	беркіт-				strengthen	prob. not from Mongol	yes
köküz	kökü(n)	хөх(?)	көкүрөк	көкірек			göğüz	breast → chest	prob. not from Mongol	yes
qonuq, qon-	*qonolqa (WMo)		конок ‘guest’; кон- ‘stay the night, perch, land’	қонақ ‘guest’			konuk	shelter for the night	prob. not from Mongol	yes
tölä-	töle-	төл-	төлө-	төле-				pay	maybe not from Mongol, but note semantics	yes
uqruq(?) ‘rope’	urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a)	урга, уураг, уурга	укурук					‘lasso pole’	indistinguishable